Fundamentals of IV fluid

Differentiate crystalloids and colloids, noting crystalloids contain electrolytes with or without glucose and move across membranes, while colloids stay intravascular to expand plasma volume.

Normal saline is an isotonic 0.9% crystalloid with sodium and chloride (154 mEq/L each) and osmolarity ~278, distributing water across compartments and serving as a drug vehicle in diabetic ketoacidosis.

5% dextrose provides 50 g glucose per liter and 170 kcal with no electrolytes, primarily supplying energy; use slow infusion to prevent glycosuria and hyperglycemia, and avoid in diabetics.

Explore crystalloids and special fluids, inverted sugar, isolate G, isolate P, isolate M, isolate E, plus KCl, NaHCO3, and 25% dextrose for targeted electrolyte replacement and life-threatening emergencies.

Explain inverted sugar solutions, a 50/50 dextrose and fructose fluid that provides insulin-independent energy, with risks of lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, and hypophosphatemia, not advised in hereditary fructose intolerance.

Isolyte M is a maintenance fluid rich in potassium with glucose and sodium, used for hypokalemia and requiring electrolyte and renal profiling with caution in renal impairment.

Isolyte E provides extracellular fluid replacement with glucose for energy. It contains sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and acetate to treat diarrhea, metabolic acidosis, and magnesium deficiency from long-term therapy.

Provide energy and balance for pediatric maintenance with Isolyte P, including glucose 50 and electrolytes such as sodium 25, potassium 20, chloride 22, acetate 23, phosphate 3, and citrate 3.

Explore potassium chloride (KCl) dosing, safety, and monitoring in IV fluids, detailing daily potassium requirements, intracellular and extracellular roles, hyperkalemia risk, and best administration practices.

Human albumin maintains plasma volume via oncotic pressure, with 5% and 25% solutions used for acute hypovolemia, burns, severe albumin loss, and liver disease related hypoalbuminemia.

Haemocell, a 3.5% degraded gelatin polymer solution with electrolytes, expands plasma volume rapidly. It increases volume by about 50% of infused volume, lasts 4–5 hours, and is safer than dextran.

Hetastarch, a hydroxyethyl starch synthetic colloid, is used as a 6% solution in isotonic saline. It expands plasma volume by about 30% for 24 hours, aiding hypovolemia and shock.

Examine crystalloids and colloids for plasma volume expansion, including saline, DNS, RL, albumin, hetastarch, and pentastarch. Differentiate hypovolemia from hypovolemic shock and compare infusion rates to guide IV fluid therapy.