Fundamentals of Electric Vehicles

Explore how a gasoline vehicle relies on an internal combustion engine, fuel injection, exhaust systems, and electronic controls, then weigh its advantages and environmental drawbacks.

explain the all-electric powertrain, including the battery pack, traction motor, and power electronics, and show how cooling and control yield about 70 percent efficiency versus traditional internal combustion engines.

Explore how hybrid electric vehicles use ac power and onboard battery with a smaller engine, and learn their key components: generator, traction battery, power electronics, inverter, motor, and regenerative braking.

Explore how series hybrids use an engine-driven generator to charge a battery and power a motor via an inverter, with energy recuperation and advantages in city driving.

Explore parallel hybrid vehicle architecture, its working principle, and four operating modes—electric only, hybrid electric assisted, charging, and regenerative braking—along with energy recuperation and key pros and cons.

Introduce fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles and how hydrogen undergoes electrochemical reaction in a fuel cell to produce electricity, with water as emission, and discuss components and pros and cons.

Explore the combined hybrid architecture that can operate as both series and parallel. Deliver instant torque as the engine, generator, and electric motor work together and support ev mode.

Explore the working principle of motors in electric vehicles, covering electromagnetism, electromagnetic induction, Lorentz force, and Fleming's left hand rule, with rotor, stator, brushes, and torque generation.

Explore electric vehicle motors—permanent magnet DC, brushed and brushless DC, and AC induction and synchronous—focusing on torque profiles and controller timing with a hall effect sensor.

Choose motor type (dc or ac) and balance power, torque, size, cooling, and cost, then compare 1.5, 4, 8, and 15 kW traction motors for city vehicles.

Compute motor power by summing rolling, aerodynamic, and gradient losses, accounting for mass, wheel radius, drag coefficient, and transmission efficiency to sustain a given speed; illustrated with a bicycle example.

Compute wheel rpm from vehicle speed using wheel radius. Analyze torque, power, rpm relationships and back emf with voltage current tradeoffs.

Learn how the electric motor, traction battery, and controller interconnect in a robust wiring diagram, with safety circuits, throttle input, and CAN networks.

Discover how the controller acts as the brain of an electric vehicle, managing throttle input, brake safety, speed regulation, direction, safety protections, and energy flow between battery and motor.

Select a controller by matching maximum output voltage and current to the motor and battery, while considering frequency inputs, communication standards, and braking options.

Understand how an electric vehicle controller manages motor power, safety, and display. Learn how converters step voltage up or down to regulate power flow and support the battery management system.

Explore how electric vehicle batteries store energy and balance energy density, power, and weight across chemistries like lead acid and lithium ion. Follow battery life cycle from materials to recycling.

Evaluate battery chemistry, energy density, voltage, capacity, c-rating, efficiency, and battery management system integration to guide battery selection. Calculate capacity and range from motor power, voltage, and speed.

Learn how the battery management system monitors and controls a vehicle's battery, tracking voltage, cell temperatures, state of charge, health, and cooling, while coordinating with the controller and charger.

Learn how electric vehicle charging works, including EV charging levels (level 1, level 2, and DC fast charging), EV supply equipment, onboard chargers, and connector standards like 1772.

Compare level one and level two ac charging, detailing voltage, connectors like J1772, on-board chargers, charging speeds, and practical pros and cons for home and workplace.

Explore the basics and trade-offs of DC fast charging for electric vehicles, including connector standards and power levels, and the ability to add 60-80 miles in 20 minutes.

Explore inductive charging, where an electromagnetic field transfers power from a ground plate to the vehicle, enabling cable-free charging and future home or parking-lot deployments.

Explore ac and dc charging connectors, including type 1, type 2, legrand, chadeMO, and tesla, plus Indian standards, and compare battery chemistries by c-rate, life cycles, power density, and cost.

Explore Indian charging standards and regulations for EV charging stations, safety devices, and certifications. Learn how AC and DC charging designs, waterproofing, locking, and emergency shut-off ensure safe operation.

Explore AC and DC charging connectors, including J1772, the combo standard, and CHAdeMO, and learn the pins for power, communication, and safety across level one and level two charging.

Explore Tesla superchargers and charging stations, including private versus public setups, cost-benefit considerations, power needs, charging time, pricing, and essential user interfaces for EV access.

Explore level one, level two (240 volt), and DC fast charging, their times, and ideal placements—from home, offices, and shopping areas to highways and rest stops.

Explore autonomous vehicles and the case framework, detailing levels of autonomy from level one to level five and the implications for safety, mobility, costs, and needed infrastructure.

Explore safety priorities in electric vehicles, from battery and charging safety to shock protection, and regulatory standards like IEC and ISO, plus maintenance levels for safe operation.

Explore diverse electric vehicles in India, from light bicycles to two- and three-wheelers. Compare battery capacity, motor power, range, and charging options across popular models.

Explore how chemical, computer science, mechanical, and electrical engineering intersect in electric vehicle tech, and uncover diverse EV business opportunities from servicing and charging to battery recycling.