Fundamental of Embedded Systems

• A system is a way of working, organizing, or doing one or many tasks according to a fixed plan, program, or set of rules.

• A system is also an arrangement in which all its units assemble and work together according to a plan or program.

• SYSTEM EXAMPLES : WATCH and WASHING MACHINE

An embedded system is one that has computer hardware with software embedded in it as one of its important components.

• A processor is the heart of an embedded system.

• An embedded processor is a microprocessor that is used in an embedded system.

• For an embedded system designer, knowledge of microprocessors and microcontrollers is a must.

• The microprocessor and microcontroller CPU are stand-alone; RAM,ROM, I/O, and timer are separate.

• CPU, RAM,ROM, I/O, and timer are all on a single chip.

• The designer can decide the amount of RAM,ROM, and I/O ports.

• Fixed amount of on-chip RAM,ROM, and I/O ports.

• High processing power Low processing power

• High power consumption Low power consumption Typically, 32/64 bit 8/16 bit

• General purpose Single-purpose (control-oriented) Less reliable Highly reliable

Eg., 8086, 8085, 8051

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Show the Embedded Systems which are use in a Modern Car.

• It has a hardware processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports, etc.

• It has main application software that can perform a series of tasks or multiple tasks concurrently.

• It has a real-time Operating System (RTOS) RTOS defines the way the system works. Which supervises the application software. It sets the rules during the execution of the application program.A small-scale embedded system may not need an RTOS.

Show the Hardware which are use in Embedded System.

Single-functioned

• Executes a single program repeatedly

Tightly-constrained

• Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.

• Life threatening

• 24/7/365

Reactive and real-time

• continuously reacts to changes in the system’s environment

• Must compute certain results in real-time without delay

Embedded processor account for 100% worldwide

microprocessor production

• Microprocessor production

          Embedded:Desktop=100:1

• Embedded processors in a house 40-50(approx)

• Embedded processors in a modern car 50-60

• Assembly language was the pioneer for programming embedded systems until recently.

• Nowadays, there are many more languages to program these systems. Some of the languages are C, C++, Ada, Forth, and Java, together with its new enhancement, J2ME.

• The majority of software for embedded systems is still written in the C language.

Show the types of embedded System in tree form

• Embedded systems in which some specific work has to be done in a specific time period are called real-time systems.

• Real time embedded systems are classified into two types such as soft and hard real time systems.

• Stand-alone embedded systems do not require a host system like a computer; they work by themselves.

• It takes the input from the input ports, either analog or digital, processes it, calculates and converts the data, and gives the resulting data through the connected device, which either controls, drives, or displays the connected devices.

• Examples: MP3 players, digital cameras, video game consoles, microwave ovens, and temperature measurement systems.

• These types of embedded systems are related to a network to access the resources.

• The connected network can be LAN, WAN, or the internet.

• Example:- home security system wherein all sensors are connected and run on the protocol TCP/IP

• Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices like cell phones, mobiles, digital cameras, mp3 players, personal digital assistants, etc.

• The basic limitations of these devices are the other resources and the limitation of memory.

• Single 8-bit or 16-bit microcontroller.

• Little hardware and software complexity.

• They may even be battery-operated.

• Usually “C” is used for developing these systems.

• The need to limit power dissipation when the system is running continuously

• Examples: digital watches

• Programming tools: Editor, Assembler and Cross-Assembler

• Single or a few 16- or 32-bit microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSP), or reduced instruction set computers (RISC).

• Both hardware and software complexity.

• Examples:- Ipod’s

• Programming tools: C, C++, Java, RTOS, Source Code Engineering Tool, Simulator, Debugger, and Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

• It uses more than a 32-bit microcontroller.

• Enormous hardware and software complexity

• Which may need a scalable or configurable processor and programming logic arrays.

• Constrained by the processing speed available in their hardware units.

• Examples:-washing machine

• Programming Tools: These systems may not be readily available at a reasonable cost or may not be available at all. A compiler or retargetable compiler might have to be developed for this.

An embedded system is software designed to keep in mind three constraints:

• Available system memory

• Available processor speed

• The need to limit the power dissipation

• When running the system continuously in cycles of waiting for events, running, stopping, and waking up,

Show the Application of Embedded System in Different area.

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