Clinical Surgery for FMGE, PLAB & USMLE

Present renal stones by ureter location and pain patterns; cover calcium oxalate and uric acid stones, struvite infection, and cystine crystals, with noncontrast spiral CT diagnosis and SWL/PCNL options.

Shockwave lithotripsy (swl) is the common stone treatment; this lecture outlines ivp, dmsa, and dtp imaging for renal stones, conservative management up to 5 mm, and percutaneous and ureteroscopic options.

Identify prostate anatomy, including transition zone and peripheral zone, and key lobes; compare benign prostatic hyperplasia with prostate cancer, then summarize medical and surgical management pathways.

Outlines the penile urethra anatomy: prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile segments. Notes anterior versus posterior hypospadias, chordee, infertility, circumcision contraindicated, and repair timing around 6–12 months.

Posterior urethral valves cause obstruction in the prostatic urethra, leading to vesico-ureteric reflux, oligohydramnios, hydronephrosis, and possible pulmonary hypoplasia, detected by keyhole sign on ultrasound and urethrography.

Delivers a concise overview of thyroid anatomy, iodine metabolism, and goiter to cancer. Describes FNAC, radioactive iodine uptake, and thyroidectomy options, with basic wound classification.

Explore appendix anatomy and appendicitis with Alvarado score and signs, then large intestine diseases from Hirschsprung's and diverticulosis to colorectal cancer, polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, and surgical options.

Explore arterial and venous disorders, lymphatics, CNS metastases, and neck conditions, with atherosclerosis-driven occlusion and aneurysm, Buerger's disease, DVT, varicose veins, and exam-focused signs and management.

Explore dynamic bowel obstruction and volvulus, including coffee bean and bird's beak signs, detorsion or sigmoid colectomy, plus hemorrhoids, diverticular disease, and angiodysplasia as lower GI bleed causes.

Analyze neck, thoracic, and abdominal trauma anatomy and zone-based management. Apply rapid assessment and interventions: fast, CT angiography, DPL, ex-lap, triangle of safety chest tube, flail chest, tamponade.

Explore differential diagnosis and management of neck masses and oral cavity cancers, plus thoracic mediastinal masses and congenital biliary and esophageal conditions, with emphasis on imaging, pathology, and surgical treatments.

Describe skin grafts versus flaps, and split-thickness versus full-thickness grafts. Discuss flap types, donor sites, and when to cover exposed bone or radiated vessels.

Understand shock types and management, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, neurogenic, and obstructive shock, with burn resuscitation using ringer's lactate and Parkland formula, and cover sepsis, wound care, sutures, instruments.

Learn gastric surgery fundamentals, including vagotomy types (truncal, selective, highly selective) and acid-reducing vs. drainage approaches, distal gastrectomy, Billroth procedures, and dumping syndrome implications.

Master trauma triage and the advanced trauma life support framework, performing the primary survey abcde with cervical spine stabilization, then a full secondary head-to-toe assessment.