
1) What is meant by ECG?
2) Electrical activity of myocardial cells.
3) Action potential generation.
4) Graph of action potentials in myocardium and explanation.
5) What is plateau phase?
6) Location of SA node and AV node.
7) How electrical activity generates in myocardium and it’s conduction.
8) What is meant by fast conducting myocardial tissue?
Electrical event in heart during one cardiac cycle.
1. Atrial depolarization vector.
2. Electrical vector of AV nodal current, (electrically silent heart)
3. Ventricular septal depolarization vector.
4. Basal ventricular vectors.
5. Why AV node has slow conduction?
6. Why purkinje system having fast conduction?
7. Study of heart vectors on graph paper.
8. Combined heat Atrial depolarization vector.
1) Onset of re-polarization in ventricle myocardium.
2) Re-polarization vector reflection on ECG graph paper.
1) Interpretation and devision of ECG.( Basic concepts)
2) ECG waves.
3) ECG segments.
4) ECG Intervals.
5) U wave and its origin of production.
6) Timing and duration of waves, segments and intervals.
1. Why understanding electro - physiology is important?
2. Introduction of electrophysiology of heart.
3. Location of SA node an AV node.
4. How purkinje system works?
5. Types of myocardium.
a) Specialized myocardium
b) Contractile myocardium
6. Concept of electrical windows in myocardium.
7. Resting membrane potential produced in myocardium.
8. Role of Na+,K+ pump in resting membrane of myocardium.
9. K+ leaky channels role in electro negativity of myocardium.
10. What is action potential?
11. Mechanism of action potential myocardium?
12. Voltage gates.
13. Activation gate of Na+.
14. Threshold potential .
15. Voltage gated K+and Ca+ Channels.
16. What is depolarization ?
17. Electrical activity in heart step by step in specialized and contractile myocardium.
1) SA node important and action potential generated by SA node.
2) Atrial muscle and action potential.
3) Difference between SA node action potential and atrial action potential.
4) ANS & cardiac electrical and mechanical activity.
5) Effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate.
6) Mechanism of sympathetic action on (SA Node) myocardium.(Brief explaination of receptor of NE ,G protein, Adenylyl cyclase, Protein kinase A and altering internal environment of myocardial cell)
7) Mechanism of para sympathetic nervous system, effect on myocardial cell.
8) Role of M2 receptor.
9) Role of B1 and ri stimulating K+ channels.
10) What is normal automaticity?
11) What is (+) chronotropic action and (-) dromotropic action ? (AV -Node)
12) Electro-mechanical coupling.
13) What is the role of adrenergic system in myocyte? (Ventricle myocyte)
a) (+) Ionotropic action.
b) (+) Bathmotropic action.
1. What is an ECG lead?
2. What is circuit of a lead?
3. What is electrical axis of a lead?
4. Why multiple leads system required?
5. Leads in frontal plane.
6.Leads in horizontal plan.
1. Bipolar limb leads.
2. How to make bipolar limb lead I, II & III.
3.Einthoven’s triangle and QRS vector.
4. Einthoven’s Law.
5. How to prove Einthoven’s law?
6. Tri-axial reference system make by bipolar leads I, II, III.
1. Brief revision of bipolar limb leads.
2. What is unipolar limb leads.
3. Bipolar limb leads VS unipolar limb leads.
4. Wilson central terminal and indifferent electrode.
5. Wilson’s unipolar limb leads.( advantages & drawbacks)
6. Augmented limb leads.
7. Goldberger’s central terminal and Goldberger’s indifferent electrode.
8. Wilson’s indifferent electrode VS Goldberger’s indifferent electrode.
9. ECG patterns of augmented limb leads.
10. Augmented limb leads triaxial system.
11. Hexaxial system.
12. Importance of orientation and polarity in hexaxial system.
1) Define a chest lead.
2) Making of a chest lead.
3) Placement of the chest leads.
4) Classification of the chest leads.
5) Orientation of the chest leads
1. What is a wave in QRS complex?
2. What is an isoelectric line?
3. Factors of determining the QRS complex.
4. Rules for QRS complex nomenclature.
5. Tri-phasic QRS complex.
6. Bi-phasic QRS complexes.
7. Monophasic QRS complexes.
1. Ventricular depolariztion vectors.
2. Phase I - Septal depolarization.
3. Phase II - Major ventricular depolarization.
4. V1 and rS pattern
5. V6 and qR pattern.
6. What happens in between V1 to V6.
7. Why V6 R-wave is usually smaller than V5 R wave?
8. Normal R-wave progression.
9. Transition zone.
10. Early transition zone.
11. Delayed transition zone.
1. Introduction & Basics.
2. Ventricular depolarization vectors.(Review)
3. Law of ECG. (brief review)
4. Limb leads orientation. (brief review)
5. QRS patterns in aVR. (rS,QS,Qr)
1) Electrical position of the heart and QRS complexes in limb leads.
2) Basic rule of qR and rS patterns.
3) Patterns when heart is electrically in horizontal position.
4) Patterns when heart is electrically in vertical position.
5) Patterns when heart is electrically in intermediate position.
6) Comparison between patterns in different electrical positions of the heart.
1. Normal “R” wave progression (Brief review)
2. Accentuated “R” wave progression.
a) Mechanism
b) Possible causes
3. Reversed “R” wave progression
a) Mechanism
b) Possible causes
4. Poor “R” wave progression.
a) Mechanism
b) Possible causes
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