
Anna Vignoles, Director of the Leverhulme Trust, previously Professor of Education at the University of Cambridge
Key Points
We think of education as an investment because when you invest in education, you gain skills that are valuable in the labour market.
The benefits of investing in education from a society perspective are greater than the pure returns an individual gets, and that’s why we must have both compulsory and state-funded education.
Many factors impact on the efficiency of an education system, such as family background or the quality of the teaching in the school.
Peter Mandler, Professor of Modern Cultural History at the University of Cambridge
Key Points
Democratic systems were developed in many countries throughout the 20th century, which ushered in a greater demand for education.
The Flynn effect describes the increase in measurable intelligence occurring in developed and developing countries, which is likely to be the result of increased mobility.
Greater social equality and civil rights lead to greater demand for education, as individuals seek to leverage their improved standing in society.
Anna Vignoles, Director of the Leverhulme Trust, previously Professor of Education at the University of Cambridge
Key Points
Education inequality depends on context. What is needed in low-income countries to reduce education inequality is different from what is needed in higher-income countries.
We need to find a balance between centralised and locally run education systems. There should be enough autonomy at the school and at the teacher level while monitoring school systems and setting common standards.
To reduce financial stress, you can improve social welfare payments or invest in parenting interventions, to help families in disadvantaged circumstances cope with their environments better.
Anna Vignoles, Director of the Leverhulme Trust, previously Professor of Education at the University of Cambridge
Key Points
There are very few systems in the world which don’t have education inequality. Pupils who experience education inequality are more likely to suffer once they join the labour market.
There are two types of education inequality: the first is the difference in achievement levels in the system. The second is inequality between children within schools.
One solution is targeted spending, where the state deliberately spends more on children who are otherwise at a disadvantage.
Caitlin Zaloom, Professor of Social and Cultural Analysis at New York University
Key Points
The cost of university education has spiralled since the 1990s, forcing middle-class families and their children to take on crushing amounts of debt.
Nonetheless, having a degree has never been more important. For many, it’s a prerequisite for maintaining a middle-class lifestyle.
The pandemic has reminded us that higher education is a public good. Doctors, nurses and other university-trained professionals are more important than ever.
Peter Mandler, Professor of Modern Cultural History at the University of Cambridge
Key Points
Inequality operates throughout an individual’s life, not just during their education. Equal education can help address inequality, but it cannot solve it.
Privileged children further their educational advantages once they’ve left the education system.
There is no economic reason for society to favour science skills. This bias discourages children who are better at other subjects such as creative arts.
Peter Mandler, Professor of Modern Cultural History at the University of Cambridge
Key Points
The world is changing rapidly. While education cannot prepare students specifically for future tasks, it should provide them with the tools to cope.
Since challenges are difficult to predict, education should aim to help children become happy, confident, flexible and trainable.
Studying a discipline in depth is beneficial to children despite the fact they may not seek employment in that discipline.
Michael Roth, President of Wesleyan University
Key Points
Having others disagree with us is fundamental to learning when we are wrong.
Instead of focusing on our freedom to disagree, we should want others to have the freedom to disagree with us.
Freedom of expression is important, but authority figures have a responsibility to stop people from using expression as a tool for intimidation or harassment.
Roger Hart, Professor in Psychology, Geography and Social Welfare at the City University of New York
Key Points
Sustainable development brought together the three pillars we need to consider when thinking about our behaviour in relation to the environment: environmental protection and enhancement, social progress, and economic development.
Young people today know about both sustainable development and children’s rights. When we bring them together, you can understand why they feel they have the right to go on strike. The planet’s environmental crisis is a children’s rights issue.
We need a radical transformation of environmental education in schools to match the passion children are increasingly feeling for the subject. Children largely learn about distant environmental problems in the abstract, while ignoring local ones.
Mike Sharples, Emeritus Professor of Educational Technology at The Open University
Key Points
Scientific insights are helping educators develop evidence-based improvements in teaching and learning.
The teacher’s role is shifting from providing educational content to orchestrating students’ learning and nurturing their confidence.
The state has a role in providing resources and support to schools and universities, especially during periods of abrupt change, such as a pandemic.
Mike Sharples, Emeritus Professor of Educational Technology at The Open University
Key Points
With varying degrees of success, cutting-edge technologies have been introduced into schools throughout history.
While online learning originally seemed disappointing, massive open online courses (MOOCs) are helping universities support students outside the classroom.
Human teachers are unlikely to be replaced any time soon. Instead, new pedagogies aim to help educators further support students to achieve their educational goals.
Michael Roth, President of Wesleyan University
Key Points
A current question in the humanities and social sciences is how to apply classroom learning to people’s lives.
Philosophy can be useful for developing habits of reflection that lead to a better life.
Ideas of virtue change over time. The capacity to survive suffering wasn’t key to moral elevation in the ancient world, but today survivors are ennobled in popular culture.
Education is the answer
Education shapes the world we live in by developing the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values on which societies rely, forging social cohesion and preparing people to become and remain competent workers and active citizens. Greater social equality and civil rights lead to a greater demand for education, as individuals seek to leverage their improved standing in society.
Education has seen massive expansion over the years, with unprecedented growth in participation and attainment levels. Education systems have developed into major engines of economic growth and prosperity, nation and community building, and social progress. The benefits of investing in education from a society perspective are greater than the pure returns an individual gets, and that’s why we must have compulsory, state-funded education. The demand for higher learning is increasing rapidly. Having a degree has never been more important. For many, it’s a prerequisite for maintaining a middle-class lifestyle. But the cost of university education has spiralled since the 1990s, forcing middle-class families and their children to take on crushing amounts of debt.
Education’s unique potential to reduce inequalities and build strong foundations for inclusive and democratic societies is widely recognised. However, upward social mobility has become more difficult to achieve, and the fear of downward social mobility is becoming more common in the middle classes.
Inequality operates throughout an individual’s life, not just during their education. Equal education can help address inequality, but it cannot solve it. Education can amplify inequality when educational opportunities are not fairly distributed within societies. Evidence shows that education contributes to the transmission of advantages and privileges from one generation to the next.
Education systems are moving on from the disruption generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which gave urgency and visibility to the work in education. It brought questions on equity and inclusion in education. It led to more digitalisation in education.
Technology builds collaborative communities of learners, thereby enhancing goal orientation, motivation, persistence and the development of effective learning strategies. Digital learning provides easier access to a more diverse group, leaves a smaller carbon footprint, and gives shyer personalities a nudge to participate.
As such, education systems foster democracy and the transformation to innovation-oriented knowledge societies. Education develops shared identities and a sense of belonging that facilitates citizens’ active engagement in democratic processes. A current question in the humanities and social sciences is how to apply classroom learning to people’s lives. Critical feeling expands our capacity to think and feel from the perspective of someone else. Environmental education in schools should match the passion children are increasingly feeling for the subject and respond to climate change urgency.
Course description
You have a personal or professional interest in education. You want to contribute to the success of an educational institution or an organisation in general. You may have an interest in becoming an active participant in your community. You think you can be instrumental in the success or failure of a school or the educational system. You need to be more aware of what’s going on in the field of education.
The goals of the course are to:
develop a range of frames for thinking about educational equity
prepare learners to be critical and reflective participant-observers in educational settings
prepare learners to be participants in educational processes and institutions.
This course provides learners with a global perspective of education from many different contexts: economic, sociologic, historic, pedagogic.
You’ll share the thoughts of education experts and their aspirational views for the future of education.
You’ll focus on inequalities, specifically how schools prevent and perpetuate social inequalities in our society.
You’ll reflect on some of the educational trends impacting on both compulsory and higher education today.
You’ll think about education policies and how they should be changed.
You’ll think about the teacher’s role and how it is shifting from providing educational content to orchestrating students’ learning and nurturing their confidence.
You’ll explore how technology is defining and redefining the way we learn, and uncover the opportunities technology presents for tackling inequality in education.
You’ll be challenged on the role of philosophy in the classroom or on the importance of environmental education for bringing young people into critical engagement with their local environment. Improved understanding and care will help their community move further towards engaged local democracy.
Part 1: Investing in education
Part 2: Reducing education inequality
Part 3: Changing education
Part 4: New ways to learn
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, you will be able to:
1. Identify and explain current issues impacting on education
2. Critique education and its role in society
3. Provide a rationale for innovative approaches in education.