Digital Electronics

Explore number systems, bases, digits, and weighted place values; compare decimal, binary, octal, hexadecimal, and discuss why computers use binary and how conversions happen.

Explore how the binary system uses base two, bits, and weighted digits to convert decimals, and distinguish the most significant bit and least significant bit.

Learn decimal to binary conversion by handling integral and fraction parts: divide the integral part by two to obtain binary digits and multiply the fraction by two for fractional bits.

Convert decimal to hexadecimal by dividing the integer part by 16 and reading remainders bottom-to-top, then convert the fractional part by multiplying by 16 and using A–F for the digits.

Convert binary to decimal by applying weighted powers of two to each bit, including fractional parts, using left-to-right place values and negative powers for fractions.

Master octal to decimal conversion by applying powers of eight to each digit, as shown with 57.4 becoming 47.5 and 310.16 becoming 200.218.

Learn to convert hexadecimal numbers to decimals by applying powers of 16, including fractional parts, and map hex digits to decimal values through practical examples.

Discover how octal digits map to three binary bits to convert between octal and binary, including integral and fractional parts, with practical examples and a hint toward hexadecimal.

Convert hexadecimal numbers to binary and binary numbers to hexadecimal by representing each hex digit with four bits and grouping binary digits in fours, for both integer and fractional parts.

Use binary as buffer to convert between hexadecimal and octal: hex to binary to octal, or octal to binary to hex. A578 = 122570 octal; 34753 octal = 39EB hex.

Explore core boolean algebra rules, including distributive, commutative, and associative laws, De Morgan's law, and operation precedence, with practical simplification examples.

Explore boolean algebra through a distribution example, use or and and with complements and a truth table to show the expression always evaluates to zero for all A and B.

Demonstrates the redundancy theorem on three-variable expressions, requiring each variable to appear twice and only one complemented, with both sum-of-products and products-of-sums examples and concrete simplifications.

Demonstrates sum of products in digital logic using a three-variable truth table, defines minterms and maxterms, and derives the simplified SOP form f = a + b c'.

Explore deriving a two-variable function using sum of products by selecting minterms m2 and m3, and express f as Σm(2,3) with result a + b'.

explains product of sums by defining f via zeros, introduces max terms, and shows how to form and simplify a product of sums expression using M0, M2, M5.

Explore expressing a three-variable function f(a,b,c) as product of sums or sum of products, identifying max terms and min terms, then simplify using complements and distribution.

Convert a minimized boolean expression to a truth table and canonical form using minterms and maxterms. Learn to determine variables and fill in missing terms for a three-variable function.