Diabetes for Doctors and Patients

Explore the global burden of diabetes, examining incidence, prevalence, regional differences, age peaks, and future projections while linking lifestyle, diet, and obesity to rising risk.

Explore how diabetes disrupts the kidney, retina, nerves, and cardiovascular system, highlighting diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy with glycemic control as the cornerstone.

Explore the insulin-pancreas-intestine axis, where GIP and GLP-1 incretins stimulate insulin and slow gastric emptying to regulate energy use. Understand pancreatic endocrine and exocrine responses and DPP-4–targeting therapies.

Prescribe aerobic and anaerobic exercise as part of diabetes treatment after cardiovascular evaluation to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose control, monitoring hypoglycemia during activities like walking, cycling, and strength training.

Apply the plate method for diabetics—half non-starchy vegetables, a quarter low-absorption carbohydrates, a quarter proteins—drink water and calculate calories via basal metabolic rate and activity.

Explore conventional and modern oral hypoglycemic agents for type 2 diabetes, including sulfonylureas, metformin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Explore how insulin controls glucose and prevents complications, debunk myths, and review insulin types (ultra-rapid, short, intermediate, long-acting, premixed), regimens (basal bolus, basal plus), and injection techniques.