Fundamentals of Electronics

Explain how electrons move in materials and distinguish conductors from insulators. Show how atomic structure, temperature, and the resulting conductivity shape circuit design.

Describe how voltage is the difference in electric potential energy between two points, relative to a ground reference, as shown by a nine volt battery and a 120 volt outlet.

Explore how resistance, voltage, and current relate through Ohm's Law (V = I R) using a hose analogy to show how increasing resistance lowers current.

Apply SI prefixes to express large and small electronics values using powers of ten. Attach prefixes to volts, amps, or ohms and decode quantities like 42 mega ohms.

Explore how a digital multimeter measures voltage, current, resistance, and continuity, connect probes to com and the correct port, and choose a budget-friendly model.

Learn how to measure direct current voltage with a DMM using proper probe placement, ground reference, and range selection, and understand the risks of measuring current in voltage mode.

Explore energy transformations in electronic circuits—from chemical to electrical energy, light, heat, and joules. Learn to compute power with P = IV, analyze voltage, current, and total circuit power.

Explore the difference between ideal and real power sources, apply ohm's law to loads, and choose supplies with at least 25% more power to avoid overload.

Explore how batteries store finite energy, describe nominal voltage and amp-hours, and show how series and parallel configurations affect voltage, capacity, and current output.

Build a solid foundation in electricity by mastering how electrons move, voltages push them, and circuit components guide them, helping you understand and fix circuits.