In general, the design of microstrip lowpass filters involves two main steps. The first one is to select an appropriate lowpass prototype. The choice of the type of response, including passband ripple and the number of reactive elements, will depend on the required specifications. The element values of the lowpass prototype filter, which are usually normalized to make a source impedance g0 = 1 and a cutoff frequency Ωc = 1.0, are then transformed to the L-C elements for the desired cutoff frequency and the desired source impedance, which is normally 50 ohms for microstrip filters. Having obtained a suitable lumped-element filter design, the next main step in the design of microstrip lowpass filters is to find an appropriate microstrip realization that approximates the lumpedelement filter. In this section, we concentrate on the second step. Several microstrip realizations will be described.

• LOWPASS FILTERS

  o Introduction

  o Stepped-Impedance, L-C Ladder Type Lowpass Filters

     oo Example

  o L-C Ladder Type of Lowpass Filters Using Open-Circuited Stubs

     oo Example

  o Semilumped Lowpass Filters Having Finite-Frequency Attenuation Poles

     oo Example

• BANDPASS FILTERS

  o End-Coupled, Half-Wavelength Resonator Filters

      ooExample

  o Edge (Parallel) Coupled, Half-Wavelength Resonator Filters

    ooExample

  o Hairpin-Line Bandpass Filters

    ooExample

  o Interdigital Bandpass Filters

    ooExample

  o Pseudocombline Filters

    ooExample

  o Filters with /4 Short-circuited Stubs

    ooExample

  o Filters with /2 Open-circuited Stubs

    ooExample