CompTIA Network+ N10-007

Explore the fundamentals of networking, including components, terminology, and communication concepts, then examine network models, topology, devices, and pathways to becoming a certified network professional.

Explore networking fundamentals and build a foundation with an introduction to essential concepts in topic a.

Define a computer network as a group of connected computers that share resources and services like web sites and email, enabling global communication and supporting ad hoc and enterprise networks.

Identify common network components, distinguish nodes from hosts and explain why bridges, hubs, and some switches may lack IP addresses or NICs, while showcasing resource sharing between clients and servers.

Explore network classifications and acronyms such as lan, wan, wlan, and pan. Understand nfc, scad/icsa, man, and can, plus private ip addressing and firewalls within these networks.

Identify three host requirements for network connectivity: a physical NIC with matching media, a client to speak to the network server, and a common protocol like TCP/IP to enable communication.

Explore binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbering bases, and how they map values from 0 to 255 in IP addressing and byte concepts.

Explore binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbering systems, and learn practical conversion techniques, including 8-bit values, leading zeros, four-digit grouping, and validating results with simple checks.

Explore unicast one-to-one communication, multicast for one-to-many, and broadcast to all, with routers and switches confining broadcasts to prevent network chaos.

Explore encapsulation across the four layers of the TCAP IP protocol model—application, transport, internet, and network access—by packaging data with headers and footers, enabling extraction at the destination.

Clarify modulation and demodulation, explain why many modems today are digital interfaces rather than true analog modems, and introduce time division multiplexing and demultiplexing concepts.

Explore network models and typologies, including how administrative design governs resource access, the physical layout of networks, and the logical typologies commonly expected in Network+.

Explore peer-to-peer work groups and client-server domains, comparing decentralized administration with centralized security, the domain database, and domain-joined systems for streamlined resource sharing.

Explore common network components and the distinction between nodes and hosts, including network interface cards, IP addresses, and the roles of clients and servers in sharing resources.

Explore network topologies, distinguishing logical topology that defines data flow from physical topology that shows how the network is wired, including bus, star, ring, mesh, and partial or full mesh.

The bus topology uses a single line of cable where every device connects. Traffic passes through each node, it's inexpensive but prone to failures and requires end terminations.

Adopt physical star topology, with devices wiring to a central hub via patch panels. Note cable failures affect only the individual device; the central hub remains a single point.

Explore the physical ring topology's circular network layout, redundancy with secondary rings, and the historical token ring mechanism where a circulating token carries data between nodes.

Explain the physical mesh topology, including full and partial mesh, and show how multiple paths provide fault tolerance for LAN and WAN connections.

Identify common network topology typologies, including star, bus, point-to-point, and hybrid, with SAN examples using fiber channel and iSCSI to connect servers to storage.

Explore logical topologies in networks, including bus and ring concepts, how ethernet uses a logical bus, and the role of multiplexer and hybrid architectures in data flow for certification.

The lecture covers wireless typologies, including ad hoc, infrastructure, and mesh, and explains how access points extend coverage and enable redundancy across networks.

Explore network components and services commonly found on modern networks. Build familiarity with their roles and how they support connectivity and network operation.

Identify and differentiate core network components and services, including file, print, authentication, name resolution, address assignment, access, communications, internet, and email services, to resolve issues quickly.

Explore management services like traffic monitoring with proxy servers, firewall load balancing, and fault-tolerant web servers. Learn asset management, change management, security auditing, software distribution, address management, and centralized backup.

Explore practical hints for becoming a network professional and embark on this journey, with network services and deeper detail to come in later modules.

Prepare to enter the industry by mastering technical challenges beyond simply passing the network plus exam. Learn to install, configure, and troubleshoot networks for shared internet, files, and printers.

Choose a specialization beyond baseline network plus skills to meet high demand, focusing on security, unified communications, or cloud and virtualization aligned with your interests.

Develop essential soft skills alongside technical knowledge by strengthening customer relations, professional communication across phone, in person, email, and oral and written forms, and dependable teamwork and leadership potential.

Earn the network plus as a foundational certification and stepping stone to credentials from Cisco, Microsoft, and CISSP, while recognizing entry jobs require less experience and higher roles demand more.

Plan a certification path with a big-picture view and clear 1-, 3-, and 5-year goals. Finish the course, use practice questions and tests, and schedule the exam to stay ready.

This chapter introduces networking fundamentals, key terms, and the purpose of networks to share resources. It explains network models, typologies, physical and logical topology, components, services, and paths to certification.

Explore what network standards are and why standards bodies like IEEE develop them. Understand the OSI reference model as a conceptual framework for organizing network communications.

Explore an introduction to networking standards, defining what standards are and why they matter for networks.

Explore how networking standards define specifications, guidelines, and characteristics to enable interoperability across devices, cables, connectors, and application protocols like HTTP, ensuring communication across diverse systems.

standards prevent a wild west of incompatible systems by ensuring interoperability across vendors, protocols, and devices. standards define the minimum performance and limit manufacturer claims within a framework, ensuring compatibility.

Learn about standards organizations such as ISO, IEEE, ANSI, TIA/EIA, and IETF, and how they publish networking and telecommunication standards, including ethernet pin layouts defined by TIA/EIA-568 A and B.

Explore the OSI open interconnection systems reference model, a conceptual framework developed by ISO in the mid-1980s, and learn how it structures network communication.

Explore the OSI reference model as a seven-layer conceptual framework for describing network communications and understanding what happens in networks, with mnemonics to remember the order.

Explore the upper layers of the OSI model: the application layer interfaces with network services via HTTP, DNS, and Telnet; the presentation and session layers handle encryption, compression, and connections.

Learn how the transport layer fragments messages, sequences packets, and uses acknowledgments and checksums, while the data link and network layers encapsulate data into frames and datagrams.

Explore IEEE network standards and the role of standards organizations in everyday networking practices, highlighting the most essential standards every networking professional should know.

Explore IEEE 802.x networking standards and the data link layer's two sublayers, 802.2's max sublayer and the logical link control sublayer, including 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 wireless, and token ring 802.5.

Explore Ethernet as the most popular local area network technology, its low cost, high speed gigabit ethernet standard, and simple setup with network cards, cables, and switches.

Explore the Ethernet frame as the data link layer packet, detailing the destination and source MAC addresses, frame type, payload from 46 to 1300 bytes, and the frame check sequence.

Mac addresses are 48-bit hex identifiers embedded by manufacturers to serve as the next-hop on local networks, and can be spoofed by the operating system.

Compare deterministic and non-deterministic access methods and their equal access to the media. Explore how CSMA/CD uses listen-before-transmit with backoff and collision detection, and how CSMA/CA reduces wireless collisions.

Identify and compare 10base standards, baseband signaling, and media types from twisted pair and coaxial copper to fiber options, including multimode and single-mode for built-in distance ranges.

Explore ethernet standards and cabling, including 10baseT, 100baseX, gigabit ethernet, 40GBASE, and cat 3, cat 5, cat 6, cat 6a, to match network cards with appropriate cabling for certification exams.

Explore how network standards enable interoperability and compatibility across devices, architectures, and protocols; review the OSI reference model, Ethernet standards, and basic internet architecture concepts like MAC addresses and frames.

Explore the physical means of network communication, including copper media (twisted pair, coaxial), optical media (fiber), connectors, land infrastructure wiring, and wireless networking.

Introduce the fundamentals of network transmission in topic a. Outline how the CompTIA Network+ N10-007 course presents this topic.

Define data transmission as the exchange of data between systems, including non-voice data such as files and printing, and voice data over IP networks with real-time and streaming transfers.

Identify how noise, attenuation, and impedance (ohms) affect network performance, and define these terms for coaxial cables, twisted pair, and fiber optic media within standard distance limitations.

Serial transmission sends bits one by one over a single medium with start and stop signals, while parallel uses multiple lines but faces interference and is rarely used in networks.

Differentiate baseband and broadband transmission: baseband uses a single channel with CSMA/CD access, while broadband uses full bandwidth with multiple signals via different frequencies, like cable television and cable modems.

Analyze data transmission and how data access methods define who communicates, how, and the procedures, dictated by network architecture. They fall into contention-based and deterministic categories.

Contention based networks involve many devices fighting for same bandwidth, unlike deterministic systems, increasing access delays and collisions. Switches and routers shape collision and broadcast domains to improve network performance.

Explore multiplexing as an access method where a multiplexer shares a medium using time division with time slots, frequency division for wireless signals, or wavelength division in fiber optics.

Digital signals travel over a wire as binary zeros and ones, with waveforms switching between voltage levels to encode bits and bytes.

Master data units from bits and bytes to nibble and word, and how kilobits and gigabits per second scale with decimal and binary conventions for transmission and network speeds.

Discover copper media as the most common network transmission medium used in today's local area networks, exploring its role in modern infrastructures.

Explore transmission media as the communication pathway, comparing wired copper twisted pair to fiber optic backbones, noting wireless networks' rise and how cost, speed, and security shape choices.

This lecture explains how twisting four copper conductors inside a plastic sheath reduces crosstalk, describes unshielded twisted pair and shielded twisted pair, and notes an insulator and copper-based media.

Review twisted pair categories from Cat 3 to Cat 7, noting attenuation and speed, with Cat 5 and Cat 5e for gigabit and Cat 6/7 shielding for higher speeds.

Identify twisted pair connectors, including RJ 11, RJ 14, RJ 25, and RJ 45 used for ethernet and other net connections. RJ 45 uses eight wires.

Explore copper media types, including twisted pair cabling and RJ-45 connectors, and learn the EIA/TIA 568 A/B wiring standards, straight-through vs crossover cables, and consistent color pairs.

Explain straight-through and crossover cables using a RJ-45 connector, where A-stan and B wire one end differently, and how rollover cables connect via rs-232 to a router or switch console.

Learn about coaxial cabling as historical, deprecated Ethernet and television technology, including shielding, center conductor, and RG varieties like RG 8, RG 58, RG 59, and RG 6.

Explore RJ-45 connectors, crimping tools, and cable assemblies, including T568A, straight-through and crossover layouts, Cat 5e gigabit cabling, BNC coax, and vampire taps.

contrast copper media with optical media that uses pulses of light, rather than electrical signals, to transmit digital data.

Fiber optic cabling uses light to transfer data, delivering high speed and emi immunity; single mode spans long distances, and multimode covers shorter runs.

Fiber optic connections require careful end preparation, including cleaving and splicing, with ferrules to terminate the ends and ease connections, while connectors align the fiber core so light passes through.

Identify the most common fiber optic connectors—ST, SC, and FC—and understand push-pull design, stab and twist alignment, ferrule action, and fiber as the network backbone.

Learn fiber optic cable construction from outer jacket to core and cladding, and distinguish single-mode from multimode fibers. Identify common connectors like ST, LC, and MT-RJ and their use.

Explore specialty cables and connectors, including less common options you may not see often, as part of the CompTIA Network+ topic.

Identify plenum rated cabling used in building enclosures that move air for environmental control. Compare plenum rated and non-plenum cabling, noting higher cost, fire protection, and toxic gas considerations.

Learn how media converters enable communication between different network media, such as fiber to Ethernet, multimode to Ethernet, and fiber to fiber, via external boxes or router cards.

Explore the wiring inside the local area network to connect computers and link the LAN to the wide area network.

Identify the demarcation point as the boundary where customer responsibility ends and the telco's begins. Explain the demarcation point terminating device and its buffering and protocol duties.

Connect the D-mark to the main distribution frame to distribute signals, then route through intermediate cross-connects to the backbone and IDF, finally delivering horizontal cables to workstation drops.

Label and map wall outlets, punch down blocks, drop cables, and patch panels to the switch, then trace port numbers like 85 for troubleshooting.

Connect patches from network card to wall jack and drop cables to the telco room, using punched-down termination with cross-connect or patch panel and a punch-down tool.

Use punchdown blocks in the telecommunications room to terminate cables and cross-connect lines, featuring 66 and 110 blocks with molded plastic and horizontal index strips, connected through patch panels.

Explore wireless networking as a radio frequency network medium used in both personal and business environments.

Learn how wireless LANs use radio or infrared signals, operate in ad hoc and infrastructure modes, and secure traffic with standards while highlighting portability and interference management.

Explore the fundamentals of wireless networks, with a focus on radio frequencies for Wi‑Fi in LAN use, noting infrared, microwave, and cellular types.

Compare radio, Bluetooth, and infrared wireless options, noting Wi-Fi is a radio technology, not line-of-sight. Explain how interference and distance limit Wi-Fi and infrared speeds.

Explore wireless networking components, including stations, wireless cards with MAC addresses, and access points in infrastructure mode, using SSID to identify basic and extended service sets for seamless roaming.

Learn to configure a wireless access point across common devices, find the gateway IP via IP configuration, and set up SSID, channels, DHCP, IPv4/IPv6, and basic security.

Identify wireless modes, including ad hoc and infrastructure, with ad hoc providing point-to-point connections without an access point, and mesh as a broad term for multiple connections in wide-area networks.

Identify common wireless devices with built-in wireless NICs, such as laptops, smartphones, tablets, gaming systems, and media devices, and distinguish between Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular connections.

Explore the development of wireless networking standards, including Wi-Fi (802.11), Bluetooth, and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), and understand their variants and roles in local and wide area networks.

Learn the evolution of 802.11 standards, from 11b’s 11 Mbps on 2.4 GHz to 11a/11ac on 5 GHz, highlighting interference, backward compatibility, non-overlapping channels, and mimo.

Leverage MIMO and multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) with multiple antennas to boost throughput and goodput in modern wireless networks, enabling HD streaming and conferencing on several devices.

explain why wired equivalent privacy (wep) is not a viable wireless security option, noting its rc4-based encryption, fixed initialization vectors, and manual key changes that can be cracked quickly.

Protects wireless networks with WPA, offering personal and enterprise modes using a pre-shared key. WPA2 switches to AES-CCMP, while TKIP enables key changes and 802.1x enterprise authentication.

Learn how 802.1x turns wireless access points into radius-based authentication forwarders, enabling enterprise security with multi-factor options, Kerberos, certificates, and radius server integration.

Explore wireless security options on access points, including WPA personal, radius/802.1x authentication, encryption levels, guest networks, MAC filtering, and firewall considerations.

Evaluate wireless network size and objectives to determine the appropriate configuration. Plan the number and placement of access points to extend coverage to required systems in business environments.

Choose wireless antennas to optimize signal quality and coverage across a location. Understand how antenna type, direction (omni directional vs unit directional), and gain affect performance and stay within limits.

Explore the two basic antenna types, directional and omni directional, and compare their gain, alignment needs, and use cases for point-to-point links versus access points.

Standardize wireless hardware vendors to boost performance and configure channel allocation to avoid interference. Use non-overlapping 2.4 GHz channels 1, 6, and 11, and optimize 5 GHz for better performance.

Perform a site survey to plan wireless networks, determine optimal access point locations, and use coverage-mapping software to visualize signal levels and interference, guiding antenna and placement decisions.

Explore wireless roaming issues, overlap coverage, and identical access point configurations while learning how wireless controllers and thin and thick APs use LWAPP to push SSID, security, and channel settings.

Discover how data transmits over copper, coaxial, and fiber media with encapsulation and standards; understand land infrastructure basics and wireless planning, including 802.11 standards, security, and AP placement.

Explore the TCP/IP protocol suite and how IPv4 and IPv6 addresses function. Learn how DHCP automates IP address assignment and how DNS resolves names to numbers.

Explore the tcp/ip protocol suite and learn exactly how it works, along with the various protocols involved.

Explore TCP/IP as the open, nonproprietary protocol suite that forms the foundation of the internet and works across Windows, Mac, and Linux.

Explore how TCP/IP condenses the OSI seven-layer model into four layers (application, transport, internet, and network interface) and maps to common protocols like http, ftp, smtp, dns, and dhcp.

Explore the tcp/ip protocol suite and identify the six core protocols: tcp, udp, ip, arp, icmp, igmp, and their roles across transport and internet layers.

Learn how the transport layer uses TCP and UDP to fragment data, assign sequence numbers, and allow application protocols to choose TCP or UDP by port numbers and sockets.

Transmission Control Protocol is a connection-oriented, reliable transport used for file transfers via a three-way handshake. It manages window size, sequencing, acknowledgments, and checksums for reliability.

Use UDP, a connectionless and unreliable protocol, when speed matters more than reliability, delegating reliability to the application; it suits streaming media and small data.

Identify application traffic with sockets, IP address and port number, guiding transport and firewall decisions. Use port numbers like 80 and 25 to classify web and email traffic.

Explore the internet layer and its protocols that control packet movement, including addresses and routing. Learn how routers forward packets across hops from a local LAN to their final destination.

Explore the core internet layer protocols, including ip addressing, routing decisions for local delivery or via the default gateway, arp for next-hop macs, and icmp troubleshooting with ping and traceroute.

Understand how an IP datagram carries unchanging source and destination IP addresses across about a dozen hops, while each router resolves the next hop's MAC address and forwards frames.

Explore the application layer of TCP/IP and its protocols that let web browsers, email clients, and remote desktop connect to the network, and learn how port numbers identify them.

Identify the function of application layer protocols and the well-known ports, focusing on the 1 to 1024 range, and memorize about 15 to 20 essential ports for the exam.

Identify the most common well-known ports and their protocols, such as http 80/443, ftp 21, ssh 22, telnet 23, smtp 25, dns 53, dhcp 67, and rdp 3389.

Explore protocol-level addresses and IPv4, the current IP version we will encounter, and learn how these addresses facilitate communication.

Explore IPv4 addresses, including 32-bit binary structure and dotted decimal notation, with a focus on network ID and host ID. See how unique addresses enable network communication.

Explain how subnet masks separate network id from host id using a 32-bit binary mask with ones on the left and zeros on the right, exemplified by 192.168.1.0 and 255.255.255.0.

Demonstrates how to derive network and host IDs from binary ip addresses using subnet masks and the and operation, with practical binary conversion steps.

Learn IPv4 address rules, including 0-255 per octet and valid versus invalid values, and why host portions cannot be all zeros or ones, affecting network IDs and broadcast addresses.

Understand how subnet masks require contiguous ones followed by zeros, using valid values like 128, 192, 224, 240, 248, 252, 254, and 255 to reveal network and host IDs.

Identify the default gateway as the router interface on the local network that enables remote communication. Send traffic directly to local destinations and route remote ones via the gateway.

Learn multiple methods to view and configure IP addresses in Windows 10, via the settings app and change adapter options, and through PowerShell and ipconfig for DHCP details.

Explore the categories of ip addresses, private and public, and compare classful versus classless address types to understand addressing flexibility.

Private addresses are used on local networks and are not routable on the internet. NAT translates private to public addresses at the network edge to enable internet access.

Explore classful versus classless routing, showing how default subnet masks based on class A, B, and C caused waste, and how classless addressing uses bit-by-bit subnetting to optimize networks.

Explore classless addressing and variable length subnet masking, using CIDR slash notation to describe how subnet masks of varying lengths optimize IP address space, with no default mask.

Master CIDR notation and slash notation, convert subnet masks, and determine the network ID using binary and decimal steps, including /8, /16, and /24.

Create IPv4 subnets for multi-router networks by assigning unique network IDs to each interface, shaping subnets to control traffic, and using ACLs to filter traffic and contain broadcasts for performance.

Apply subnetting as straightforward math to create unique network IDs for multiple subnets from a single network ID, using masks that stop on decimal points with private ranges.

Extend the subnet mask to create multiple subnet IDs from a single address space, enabling unique router interfaces and client addresses. View masks in binary to master complex subnetting.

Explore how to determine network IDs and subnets from IP addresses and subnet masks, troubleshoot default gateway configurations, and use calculators to design subnets with given host requirements.

Explore IPv6 as the next generation of IP, addressing IPv4 limitations, and learn how to work with IPv6 addresses.

IPv6 was developed to address IPv4's address shortage and routing inefficiencies, expanding the address space beyond 4.3 billion and enabling auto configuration with improved security and quality of service.

Explain how IPv6 expands the address space to 128-bit, enabling more addresses, regionalized routing, and auto-configuration, with built-in header security and quality of service for real-time audio and video.

Explore IPv6 addresses, comparing 128-bit space to IPv4, and learn about a slash 64 prefix, 64/64 network-host split, hex notation, and zero compression with double colons.

Explore IPv6 addressing, including unicast, multicast, and anycast types, one-to-one and one-to-many communication, and how router advertisements, link-local addresses, and neighbor discovery enable automatic configuration.

Outline the three unicast address types and highlight global unicast as the IPv6 public address. Note the first bits are 001, yielding two or three, with a 64-bit prefix.

unique local unicast addresses in ipv6, the private addresses that start with fd00::/8, use a 40-bit global ID, 16-bit subnets, and 64-bit interface IDs, replacing site local addresses.

Learn how link local IPv6 addresses are automatically generated by hosts, begin with fe80, are unique to the local network, and enable network discovery without manual configuration.

Discover special addresses in IPv4 and IPv6, including the unspecified address and IPv6's double colons. See how loopback address ::1 tests the local IPv6 stack and mentions automatically generated addresses.

Explore IPv6 autoconfiguration, contrasting stateless configuration with router-assisted setup and address generation. Learn how stateful configuration uses DHCPv6 when the router flags the client as managed.

View and configure IPv6 addresses—link-local, global, and unique local unicast—while using router advertisements and DHCP-based addressing to manage static configurations.

Explore assigning addresses with DHCP and discuss the benefits it provides for the local area network.

Use dhcp to dynamically assign ip addresses, subnet masks, and options, letting clients obtain settings automatically and avoid manual configuration errors.

Learn how IP addresses are leased via DHCP, with a finite lease period and renewal options, and follow the four-step lease generation process: discover, offer, request, and acknowledge.

Describe how DHCP lease renewal works: renew at 50 percent and, if needed, use an 87.5 percent renewal or a DHCP Discover to maintain the IP address.

Place dhcp servers where client broadcasts are heard before address assignment, since routers block broadcasts; small networks can use routers or firewalls, while larger networks may centralize with relay agents.

DHCP is a common protocol; home networks typically use a router as the DHCP server to assign IP addresses, while business networks use Windows or Linux servers with web interfaces.

Learn how Windows DHCP servers use a scope to auto-assign IPs, with exclusions for statically configured devices and client reservations by MAC address, plus lease and scope options.

Learn how the domain name system resolves user-friendly host names to numerical IP addresses. Explore the role of DNS in mapping names to addresses for network communication.

Explore how name resolution translates user friendly names into IP addresses using a DNS server and how DHCP or manual config assigns the name server for seamless network communication.

Windows uses host names and legacy BIOS names, with host names up to 255 characters and forming a fully qualified domain name, or FQDN, when combined with a domain.

Discover how the domain name system resolves hostnames to IP addresses through a hierarchical, zone-based database with authoritative DNS servers and client queries.

Explore how the domain name system components, including servers, clients, zones, and resource records, work together to provide name resolution, with Windows hosting zones and integrating with Active Directory.

Identify and locate DNS resources with resource records, including host (A) records, aliases (CNAME), reverse lookups, SRV service records, MX mail exchange, NS/SOA name servers, and TXT records.

Explore forward lookup zones and reverse lookup zones, mapping names to IP addresses. Learn how delegating zones and using subdomains reduces server workload and supports security checks with PTF records.

Explain how name resolution uses the host file and the DNS client resolver cache to map names to IPs, and how host file precedence affects troubleshooting.

Explore how DNS resolves hostnames through recursive queries by the client and iterative queries by servers, from root to dot com to the authoritative server to obtain the IP address.

Explore the tcp/ip suite and its four layers, compare ipv4 and ipv6 addressing and subnetting, and apply dhcp and dns to support practical network troubleshooting.

Explore network devices that connect users to networks and enable communication, and map hubs, switches, routers, repeaters, and bridges to layer one to three of the LSI reference model.

Explore common network devices and map their placement in the Esai reference model, highlighting the capabilities they provide to users on the network.

Connect devices to share resources such as files, folders, printers, web sites, and databases, using switches, routers, and wireless access points as the primary network devices today.

Understand how Esai reference model assigns devices to layers, with layer 1 handling raw bits, layer 2 using mac addresses and selective forwarding, and layer 3 enabling ip routing.

Explore the OSI model layers 1–3 and the devices that align with them, including hubs, repeaters, layer 2 switches, switching hubs, and layer 3 routers and switches.

Explore physical layer devices and their role in the network reference model, building on basics of network devices and introducing individual components.

Explore how physical layer devices like repeaters, hubs, wireless range extenders, and NICs connect systems in simple networks, extend signals, and do not perform data forwarding or segmentation.

Explore network interface cards used by clients in wired and wireless networks, including embedded and add-on NICs, MAC addresses, and duplex modes.

Discover repeaters, the basic internetworking devices that boost signals between the same media, from wireless range extenders to fiber optic repeaters and multiport hubs that regenerate signals.

Identify two repeater types: amplifiers that repeat all signals, and regenerating repeaters that read and duplicate the original signal to eliminate noise, including wireless and fiber repeaters.

Explore hubs as simple physical layer devices that broadcast packets to all ports, lacking intelligent forwarding, and discuss their role in small networks with four-port models.

Explore data link layer devices that filter and forward traffic based on MAC address. Learn how these devices operate at the data link layer to manage local network traffic.

Data link filtering uses MAC addresses at layer 2 to forward unicast frames and flood broadcasts; switches and bridges create collision domains and, to segment broadcasts, require layer 3 devices.

A bridge connects LAN segments at layer 2, learning MAC addresses and forwarding traffic only to destinations on the other segment, making network segmentation possible.

Explore the role of the network switch in modern networks, cover basic introductions, configuration options, switch protocols, and management practices.

Discover how a layer 2 switch forwards traffic by mac addresses at the data link layer and isolates conversations into separate collision domains, enabling vlans and virtual switches.

Compare unmanaged, smart, and hybrid switches and their management options. Learn to use console ports, web or command-line management, SMP protocol, authentication, and VLANs for secure, scalable networks.

Discover switch characteristics, including port mirroring for diagnostics and traffic monitoring, and channel bonding or link aggregation using multiple nics to increase throughput, with lacp handling it automatically.

Power over Ethernet, or PoE and PoE Plus, passes power along with data via Ethernet cabling, enabling remote deployments with up to 15.4 watts or 25.5 watts per system.

Explore trunking and vlan trunking, combining multiple connections to support traffic for multiple virtual subnets across the same line, and learn how virtual lan enables cross-segment visibility.

Learn how VLANs separate network segments using port-based, protocol-based, and subnet-based groupings, enabling routing-like layer 3 switching that forwards traffic without physical changes.

Configure the initial switch configuration with a management IP and default gateway. Enable LDP and Cisco discovery protocol, logging, and SMP community controls.

Configure an interface by assigning it to the vlan (default vlan 1) and choosing tagged or untagged ports; most switches auto sense speed and duplex and show mac address table.

Implement the spanning tree protocol to create a loop-free, root-switch topology on layer-two switches and prevent loops and broadcast storms by enforcing one active connection between any two network nodes.

Learn how spanning tree protocol prevents loops by listening and learning mac addresses, placing ports in forwarding or blocking states, and electing a root switch with a root port.

Explore rapid spanning tree protocol differences, including fewer port states and quicker transitions between discarding, learning, and forwarding, and review route port roles such as designated, alternate, backup, and disabled.

Explore trunking, enabling multiple vlan traffic over a single connection. Learn how trunk ports carry traffic for multiple vlans and how vlan trunking protocol simplifies cross-switch network design.

Learn how trunking protocols like 802.1Q and ISL carry multiple VLANs across switches, including tagging frames, native VLANs, and how switches forward tagged traffic.

Explore how to securely manage switches in larger environments by changing default usernames and passwords, enabling higher security levels with 1-X authentication, and restricting console port access.

Explore layer 3 network layer devices, focusing on addressing and routing of packets within the internet and IP.

Layer 3 uses IP addresses and routing tables to route packets between networks via hardware or software routers, with static or dynamic routing using routing protocols.

Examine how routers and hosts use routing tables, host routes, and determine local versus remote destinations. Learn how static routes and default gateways guide packet forwarding.

Explore how to read routing tables on routers and hosts, using route print and net route to understand default routes, on-link networks, and arp gateway resolution.

Explore how network segmentation using layer 3 devices and subnets separates networks, reduces broadcasts, improves performance, enables security controls, load balancing, and isolates test and honeypot networks for compliance.

hardware routers are dedicated mini computers with processor, memory, and storage, offering ethernet interfaces and a console port to connect internal networks to the internet.

Compare static routing, where routers rely on manually configured information, with dynamic routing, where routers learn from others via the routing table, as shown on a Cisco router.

Routing protocols distribute route information among routers so they can forward packets efficiently, choosing interior or exterior gateway protocols based on autonomous systems, hardware or software routers, and convergence latency.

Explore dynamic routing where routers share information to learn networks and converge on routes, and identify the three protocol categories—distance vector, link state, and path vector.

Explore how routing metrics determine route selection, balancing hop count, bandwidth, MTU, and cost, with administrative distance guiding which protocol's routes prevail.

Distance vector routing shares full routing tables with neighboring routers and uses hop count to choose the fewest hops. Link-state protocols flood updates, build individual route databases, and converge quickly.

Learn to apply path vector protocols for inter-domain routing by tracking the path across autonomous systems, as exterior gateway protocols like Border Gateway Protocol scale large internetworks.

Identify interior routing protocols such as RIP and OSPF, noting RIP uses distance-vector with fewest hops and RIP v2 adds security and classless IP support.

Explore exterior routing protocols like BGP, which exchange reachability information between autonomous systems on the internet. Learn how path vector concepts and administrator-defined policies shape routing decisions.

Explore routing problems like convergence and routing loops, and how routing table updates in rip cause count to infinity and rising hop counts.

Examine router redundancy protocols that create a virtual default gateway with two routers, including Cisco's proprietary HSRP and the open VRRP standard, with a master and backup for seamless failover.

Explore a few additional network devices that don't necessarily fit cleanly into this reference model package.

Explore additional network devices, including gateways that translate between systems, layer 2 and layer 3 switches, multilayer switches, and how DSCP-based QoS enables load balancing for servers and firewalls.

Explain how load balancers distribute traffic across multiple servers to boost capacity, improve performance, and provide fault tolerance, using an IP address clients connect to.

Explore how traffic shapers, or packet shapers, manage bandwidth by protocols and services to guarantee quality of service for critical systems, utilizing firewall or proxy server implementations.

Explore how physical layer devices transmit bits and data link layer devices forward traffic by MAC addresses, while routers create separate broadcast domains and network segments for efficiency and security.

Explore wide area networks and how they connect multiple local area networks using provider networks, ISP access, and wired, wireless, and fiber connection types.

Introduce the fundamentals of wide area networks and build foundational knowledge for subsequent WAN topics.

A wide area network connects multiple local area networks across large distances using public or leased lines, linking sites of a single organization to share resources.

Explore wide area network options by comparing connectivity, cost, speed, and availability, including circuit switching, ISDN and T1 leased lines, packet switching, and cell switching with fixed packet sizes.

Analyze WAN categories by comparing circuit switching, such as PSTN and ISDN, with packet switching options like X.25, frame relay, and MPLS. Explore DSL and ATM as additional WAN technologies.

Identify the wired physical connection types across various categories. Organize the wired physical connection types into their respective categories.

Explore the public switched telephone network as a traditional wide-area connection using analog lines and modems, covering dial-up networking, bandwidth limits, multi-link, and IP traffic encapsulation with slip.

Explore ISDN, an early channelized, circuit-switched digital network over telephone lines. Understand rate interfaces with two 64 kbps B channels and a D-channel, and primary rate with 23 B channels.

Learn how digital subscriber line uses copper lines to carry voice and data with asynchronous speeds, through a DSL modem connected to a phone jack, delivering a private dedicated connection.

Explore cable modems that use existing cable lines and offer high bandwidth with shared access. Learn how edge firewalls and site-to-site vpn secure business-class cable internet.

MPLS uses labels to route packets, reducing router lookups and enabling fast, high-performance switching with tagging and prioritization for voice, video, and data across networks.

Explore asynchronous transfer mode (atm) cell switching, including permanent and switched virtual circuits, cost tradeoffs, fixed-sized cells, built-in quality of service across 155–622 Mbps, and up to 2.4 Gbps.

Frame relay is a packet switching network for long-distance communications. It uses permanent virtual circuits and a logical point to point connection for routing traffic through a cloud of switches.

Explore leased lines as private telco connections similar to frame relay, using multiplexed circuits like T1/T3 and E1/E3 with 64 kbps channels for voice, video, and data.

Explore metropolitan ethernet, a cost-effective metro area network that links government offices and offices within a single city, providing easy internet connectivity via fiber in downtown areas.

Review wired wide area network options and explore wireless LAN connections to understand practical alternatives for wide area networks.

satellite lan provides a connection for remote areas where cable or dsl are unavailable, using satellites to send and receive data with line-of-sight and environmental interference limiting speed.

The wireless local loop, or fixed point wireless, uses a fixed wireless terminal at a location to provide connectivity from a base station, creating a wireless ISP with no mobility.

Explore WiMAX, the worldwide interoperability for microwave access standard that enables last mile wireless broadband up to 50 kilometers with speeds of 40 Mbps, a cable and DSL alternative.

Explore cellular connections that provide ultra mobile internet access across generations from 1g to 4g, enabling roaming and internet connectivity for smartphones, laptops, and tablets via public providers.

Compare GSM and CDMA to understand second-gen mobile network standards, with GSM dominating 90 percent of the market over 200 countries and CDMA’s code division multiple access variations.

Explore 3g technologies, from umts on 2g through 3.5g, with downlink up to 42 mbps and 7 mbps, plus edge and hspa+ upgrades up to 14–84 mbps with multiple antennas.

Explore 4g technology and IMT-advanced standards, including WiMax and LTE, the prominent 4g standard today. See how GSM successors like HSPA+ deliver downstream speeds up to 300 Mbps on phones.

Examine the final category of connections that use optical media or fiber, and understand how fiber-based networking enables WAN connections.

Discover how fiber WAN connections enable high-speed wide area network links, including SONET/SDH and ANSI protocols, and fiber directly to businesses for scalable connectivity.

Learn how OC levels function as a memorization task, using base 52 and multiplication to estimate bandwidth in megabits per second.

Explore how to select a wide area network provider using practical steps, focusing on software-defined WAN, cloud services, SLA guarantees, bandwidth, and backup considerations.

Explore wide area network options by comparing wired, wireless, and fiber solutions, routers and firewalls, and the bandwidth, cost, and availability considerations for real-world scenarios.

Explore remote access concepts, including remote control, remote node, and VPN, and learn how authentication protocols secure connections to networks over the internet.

Introduce remote networking and clarify what the term remote access means, addressing common confusion about its use.

Explore remote access through remote node and remote control, including vpn and dial-up connections, ip address provisioning, telecommuting, and access to internal applications and databases.

Explain how remote access servers act as connection endpoints for dial-up and vpn, performing authentication and authorization, with examples like Windows servers and vendor vpn endpoints.

Enable remote desktop on Windows business editions to access systems locally or remotely. Configure external firewalls to forward remote desktop traffic, port forwarding, and consider third-party tools for easier access.

Explore remote control concepts where the client sends keyboard and mouse while the remote system processes and returns screenshots; VNC and RTP protocols enable data transfer and encryption.

Learn how to configure remote desktop in Windows 10, enable remote access, set network level authentication, manage users, and choose between built-in and third-party remote control tools.

Learn how to authenticate remote connections to ensure that only authorized users can access networks and securely verify identities.

Authenticate to validate identities before granting access; then authorize actions and account for resource usage, following a three-step process: authentication, authorization, and accounting, with a possible fourth.

Authenticate users by verifying identity with methods like username and password or certificates stored on smart cards, determine the level of access through authorization, and track actions via accounting.

Examine chap and ms-chap remote authentication, highlighting the three-way handshake that prevents password transmission, hash-based challenge verification, and ms-chap v2's stronger keys and mutual authentication.

Explore the extensible authentication protocol (EAP) and its methods, including EAP-MD5 and PEAP, enabling multi-factor authentication with smart cards and PINs, plus PPPoE and DSL MAC validation.

Radius centralizes authentication across entry points by forwarding client requests from network access servers to a central radius server, enabling scalable, interoperable AAA with diverse devices and databases.

TACACS+ is a Cisco proprietary authentication protocol that centralizes and scales AAA, uses tcp rather than udp with full-message encryption, adapts to network conditions and supports multi-database or multi-protocol extensions.

Explore virtual private networks as a remote connectivity solution, and examine the technologies and protocols that enable vpn communications.

A virtual private network creates a private, point-to-point connection over a public network by encapsulation, tunneling, and encrypting data.

Explain VPN tunnels as logical paths between endpoints for site-to-site and remote access, detailing compulsory site-to-site VPNs between gateways and voluntary client-initiated tunnels with supported protocols.

Explain GRE encapsulation, the most common VPN encapsulation, used to tunnel protocols over a virtual point-to-point link and by PPTP and site-to-site VPNs, also used by IP SAQ VPNs.

Explore remote access and site-to-site VPN components, including client–server connections, virtual tunnels, domain-based authentication, DHCP IP assignment, and authorization policies with session controls.

Explore the two main encryption types for vpn: Microsoft point-to-point encryption (mppe) and ipsec, covering des, 3des, aes-128, aes-256, and transport versus tunnel mode.

Use a VPN concentrator as an endpoint for client connections to deliver advanced encryption, authentication, high availability, and scalable load balancing for remote access in large organizations.

Compare vpn protocols such as pptp, l2tp with ipsec, and ssl vpn (sstp), highlighting compatibility, authentication, and encryption trade-offs, certificate infrastructure, and the advantage of port 443 traversal.

Learn how to create and configure a VPN in Windows using built-in providers or a third-party client like Cisco AnyConnect, including choosing VPN type, server IP, and advanced options.

Learn remote access concepts, including remote node and remote control, and how authentication, authorization, and RADIUS enable VPN protocols creating an emulated point-to-point link over public networks.

Explore network security fundamentals, plan for threats, vulnerabilities, and risks, and learn how to identify and implement protections to safeguard the network.

Discover network security fundamentals and outline the essential knowledge needed to start your journey toward securing networks.

Develop a foundational understanding of network security by learning its components, framework, policies, and procedures, and master the key terms to implement and protect against industry issues.

Explore the CIA triad—confidentiality, integrity, availability—and how these goals guide securing data, maintaining accuracy, and ensuring availability. Highlight threats like denial of service and the role of logging for non-repudiation.

Identify network threats by examining events that could breach confidentiality, modify data, or disrupt service, including unauthorized access and physical damage to facilities.

Identify network vulnerabilities as conditions that increase a system's susceptibility to compromise, highlighting improper default configurations, unpatched systems, weak access controls, and misconfigurations across devices and services.

Identify risk as a calculated exposure to damage based on threat likelihood, consider threats, vulnerabilities, and business impact, and mitigate high-risk items to reduce likelihood.

Learn how authentication verifies your identity, how authorization and access control determine and enforce what you can do, and how auditing tracks actions across systems and cloud services.

Cryptography is the science of encrypting and decrypting data to hide information, underpinning confidentiality; modern cryptography relies on mathematical algorithms, including stream and block ciphers.

Explains how encryption relies on algorithms and keys, contrasts symmetric and asymmetric keys, and shows SSL securely exchanging a session key with public and private keys.

Explore how digital signatures secure messages by hashing the content, encrypting the hash with a private key, and verifying with a public key to ensure integrity and non repudiation.

Apply best practices for permissions by enforcing implicit deny, least privilege, and precise access controls using ACLs, NTFS permissions, and firewall rules.

Learn separation of duties, or role separation, to prevent power concentration and ensure checks and balances; avoid one person controlling authorization, design, and implementation, and promote job rotation and cross-training.

Build on security fundamentals as we move into planning for network security. Learn how to apply this planning to guard networks effectively.

Identify threats and vulnerabilities to plan for network security, assess risks to organizational assets, and mitigate risks using threat vulnerability pairs.

Identify threats as activities that jeopardize confidentiality, integrity, or availability of business assets. Differentiate intentional threats from unintentional ones, and note environmental, human, insider, and outsider threats and motives.

Threat-vulnerability pairs define risk as the product of vulnerability and threat; vulnerabilities are weaknesses in assets or environments, including internet-connected systems, and threats exploit them to cause loss.

Identify vulnerabilities via port scans and patch checks, using credentialed or non-credentialed scans, then explore penetration testing with black box, white box, and gray box approaches.

Identify common vulnerabilities by disabling unnecessary running services, securing open ports, and managing unpatched and legacy systems, while avoiding unencrypted protocols like telnet, http, and older snmp.

Understand that risk equals vulnerability times threat, and decide to avoid, transfer, mitigate, or accept the risk with practical protective measures.

Empower users with clear information security responsibilities through formal or informal training, covering incident response, password policies, acceptable use, BYOD safeguards, and data sanitization.

Learn how regulatory requirements govern confidential data transmission and how organizations meet HIPAA and GLBA through data loss prevention in email.

Strengthen business continuity by identifying critical assets via business impact analysis, reducing single points of failure through redundancy and high availability, and planning disaster recovery with backups and hot sites.

Change management governs requests for change, approvals by a change advisory board, and scheduling implementations to protect availability, confidentiality, and integrity of network devices and security controls.

Explore network documentation types such as wiring schematics and physical versus logical diagrams, supporting change management and troubleshooting, with baseline performance statistics guiding policies and configurations.

Identify threats and vulnerabilities to understand what they are and how attacks occur in real-world networks.

Explore software-based threats like malware and software vulnerabilities, network-based threats including active and passive reconnaissance, and social engineering such as phishing.

Explore goals and motives behind software attacks, disrupting systems and stealing information. Learn how attacks target software resources—operating systems, applications, and protocols—and how network and social engineering categories distinguish them.

Explore malicious code attacks, a form of malware that disrupts systems by deleting or corrupting data and can take control remotely, enabling distributed denial of service attacks and identity theft.

Identify viruses, worms, trojan horses, spyware, adware, ransomware, rootkits, polymorphic malware, and malicious code; examine how they propagate, execute payloads, and enable botnets, zombies, and distributed denial of service attacks.

Explore two main network threat types—reconnaissance and active attacks—and understand how vulnerability scanning and penetration testing fit into securing technology-dependent businesses.

Explore reconnaissance attacks by port scanning and eavesdropping, revealing open ports, running services, and potential vulnerabilities, and learn how packet sniffers like Wireshark aid defenders and attackers.

Discover how IP spoofing uses fake header addresses to fool victims, enabling man-in-the-middle attacks and illustrating MAC address spoofing and VLAN hopping risks.

Learn how denial of service attacks aim to exhaust resources and make services unavailable, exploring reflected, smurfing, distributed and amplified variants and the challenges for defense.

Explains man-in-the-middle attacks and spoofing, where attackers eavesdrop between two hosts to steal data. Covers ARP and DNS poisoning, ICMP redirects, and IP header spoofing that enable hijacking.

Explore human-based attacks, including password cracking, username conventions, and social engineering that exploit the weakest link. Learn how phishing and spam help educate users and strengthen security.

Explore wireless vulnerabilities and threats such as data emanation, eavesdropping, bluejacking and blue snarfing, rogue access points and evil twins, wardriving, and insecure configurations.

Identify the threats and Molnar abilities we face and explore protective mechanisms to prevent security breaches on the network.

Protect the network by identifying the most critical assets, prioritizing risk, and selecting security options that fit budget constraints while supporting high availability and business continuity.

Implement physical protection by aligning barriers to asset value, using locked doors, cameras, fencing, server rooms access controls, and badges with escorts, while considering security posture and budget.

Outline man traps and other physical security options, including locked data center cabinets, motion-detection video surveillance, door access controls with biometrics, guards, fences, lighting, and asset-tracking tags.

Explore physical security devices used in networks, including mantrap, key fobs, token cards, biometrics, and secure server room measures like locks, cameras, guards, and fencing.

anti-malware protects systems from malware with antivirus, anti-spyware, anti-spam, and blockers; cloud-based or network-based updates and centralized management are key for enterprise security.

Evaluate anti-malware options from Windows Defender Security Center and third-party products, with emphasis on free and paid versions, real-time and cloud-delivered protection, and automatic virus definition updates.

Learn network hardening by identifying and patching weak points in operating systems, applications, and devices, using ACLs, port filters, and MAC controls to secure entry points.

secure network communications strengthen network hardening by encrypting data in transit and replacing insecure protocols with secure ones like secure shell and https, using mutual authentication at the network layer.

Learn how firewalls control traffic between public and private networks by applying rules, including stateless versus stateful filtering, ACLs, and security zones like Internet, DMZ, and LAN.

Explore host-based and network-based firewalls, including DMZ and perimeter configurations, with application-aware controls, content and malware inspection, and UTM/NGFW capabilities.

Explore how Windows firewalls control traffic between network segments, switchable by profile (private, domain, public), and how to create rules for apps, ports, and IPs.

Validate user identities and enable seamless access using Kerberos and ticket-based authentication within a domain. Centralize remote access with VPN support and protocols like PAP, MS-CHAP v2, EAP, and RADIUS.

Understand authentication factors, from single-factor username and password to multi-factor methods combining something you know, something you have, something you are, location, or something you do, to boost security.

Network access control enforces a policy at initial connection to ensure endpoint compliance. It uses 802.1x authentication and checks like PIN, encryption, and remote wipe.

Define and apply network security fundamentals, identify threats and risks, and evaluate defenses against network-based, software-based, and social engineering attacks. Implement secure protocols, network devices, and technologies to enforce security.

Explore methods to build highly available and scalable networks by planning for disaster recovery, ensuring business continuity, and leveraging virtualization, cloud computing, and unified communications.

Explore topic a: maintaining business continuity. Understand how keeping business continuity is addressed within the CompTIA Network+ N10-007 context.

Maintain availability and business continuity by implementing high availability, redundancy, disaster recovery, backups, proactive monitoring, and patch management to secure systems and support user productivity.

Identify and eliminate single points of failure to achieve availability in servers, devices, and applications using redundancy such as RAID, dual power, UPS, and load balancing, guided by risk analysis.

Explore high availability options across hardware, OS, and applications, including virtualization, data replication, failover clustering, and network load balancing for fault tolerance and rapid recovery.

Prioritize disaster recovery by implementing diverse backups—from on-site to cloud and remote copies—and restore databases, servers, or files quickly using recovery sites like hot, warm, or cold.

Learn how to monitor network devices to maintain business continuity by tracking normal performance, detecting issues early with proactive and reactive monitoring, and auditing security events.

Patch management protects business continuity by keeping operating systems and network device firmware up to date, addressing vulnerabilities, and enabling centralized patch management with compliant updates and reporting.

Explore virtualization concepts and their widespread use in modern organizations, examine the benefits they provide, and trace how these technologies evolved into cloud computing.

Explore virtualization as the foundation of cloud technologies by learning how virtual machines run isolated on a host, share hardware resources, and support different operating systems and roles.

Discover how virtualization remains transparent to users while enabling server consolidation, multiple operating systems support, and rapid deployment of virtual machines through cloning.

Explore virtualization and cloud computing, including storage area networks, high availability, on-demand provisioning, and the pay-as-you-go model with virtual machine replication for disaster recovery.

Explore how cloud computing uses virtualization with physical hosts and hypervisors, compare type 1 and type 2, noting type 1 offers direct hardware access and higher performance.

Choose a host system to control costs, then create a virtual machine with virtual hardware, assign memory and CPU, and connect network cards to virtual switches using VHD.

Discover why storage matters in virtualization, how shared storage moves virtual machines between hosts, and how nas, das, and san differ in access and performance.

Compare direct attached storage, network attached storage, and storage area networks, noting DAS is simple but limited in scalability, NAS enables sharing, and SAN provides high scalability for demanding workloads.

Explore storage area networks as dedicated networks that provide fast, shared access to disks and VHDs for servers, enabling disaster recovery through SAN mirroring and replication.

Explore how virtual switches and virtual NICs connect virtual machines to isolated networks or external connectivity, while virtual routers, firewalls, and VPN gateways enable cloud SDN with tenant isolation.

Cloud computing enables on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable resources—servers, storage, networks, and services—provisionable rapidly with minimal management and self provisioning.

Cloud computing replaces physical hardware with virtualized data centers, offering on-demand virtual machines, self-service provisioning, and pay-as-you-go scalability, while boosting energy consciousness, resiliency, and agility.

Understand cloud models: private clouds use company-owned local resources, public clouds host resources on providers like Microsoft, Google, and Amazon, and hybrid clouds mix both.

Explore cloud services models, including private, public, and hybrid clouds, and compare SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS with examples like Office 365, Exchange Online, and WordPress.

Explore cloud offerings such as Office 365 and Azure, view subscriptions in the admin center, and learn pay-as-you-go provisioning of Windows Server VMs and WordPress sites.

Explore unified communications and learn how it fits into today's networks, understanding its role in modern networking within the CompTIA Network+ framework.

Explore unified communications, technologies that consolidate email, voice, video, and mobile apps. Unify these channels into a single interface and support multiple methods for communication.

Explore unified communications components, including servers that route calls and enable videoconferences and desktop sharing, and devices such as sip endpoints, voip phones, soft phones, email clients, and gateways.

Explore unified communication technologies, including voice over IP with SIP and real time transfer protocol, SIP endpoints, presence, multicast and unicast, and traffic prioritization via class of service and DCP.

Explore how highly scalable, high-performance networks achieve business continuity and high availability by eliminating single points of failure through virtualization, cloud computing, and unified communications on a software-driven modern network.