CCNA R&S 2019 (200-125) By Hexa CCIE Khawar Butt

Explore IPv4 addressing, including binary to decimal conversion, 32 bit addresses with four octets, and subnet masks that define network and host portions, unicast, broadcast, directed broadcast, and multicast communication.

Explore ip classes a, b, c and d, detailing a's 8-bit network with 16,777,214 hosts, b's 16-bit network with 65,534 hosts, c's 24-bit network with 254 hosts, d multicast addressing.

Explore private IP addressing and how network address translation conserves Internet address space by using 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0–172.31.0.0/16, and 192.168.0.0/16, with dynamic pools and translation to public addresses.

Learn how IP subnetting optimizes address space by borrowing bits to create multiple subnets from a major network, with practical examples and subnet mask calculations.

Explore class c subnetting with examples: split a class c network provided by your ISP into five, fifteen, and twenty-five subnets using a magic table, increments, and Cisco router configurations.

Learn to subnet class B addresses by borrowing bits to create 30, 40, and 80 subnets, and compute the increments, masks, first usable hosts, and broadcasts.

Learn to subnet a class a network into 30, 40, and 80 subnets using five steps, borrowing bits and calculating the increment with router configurations.

Explore super netting, borrowing network bits to create larger networks, combining contiguous class C networks, and reducing routing table entries through route aggregation at the ISP edge.

Demonstrates supernetting by merging two class C networks into a single /23 and summarizing four networks into one ISP route, using Cisco routers.

Explore the seven-layer OSI reference model and its mapping to the four-layer TCP/IP model, including headers, segmentation, and addressing that enable multi-vendor communication and modular troubleshooting.

Discover router components and boot sequence, including ROM, RAM, flash, and NVRAM; learn how IOS loads from flash and uses startup and running configs via console and virtual terminal lines.

Master basic router configuration by navigating user exec, privileged exec, and global config modes, configuring interfaces with IP addresses, and verifying connectivity with ping and show commands.

Learn to configure basic router settings: set hostnames and domain names for fully qualified domain names, and configure time zone, clock, and date in privileged and global config modes.

Configure terminal history and terminal length in privilege exec mode, adjust history size (default 20, max 256) and length (default 24, 0 means no pause), and verify with show commands.

Configure router banners to display messages at login, including message of the day, login banner, and exec banner. Learn to apply banner motd, banner login, and banner exec in config.

learn how to manage router configuration files by saving the running config from ram to startup-config, and verify with show running-config and show startup-config.

Secure the router console by configuring a console password and a local username/password database. Enable secret, banners, logging synchronous, no ip domain lookup, and idle time out.

Learn to create and use aliases on Cisco IOS to shorten long commands, access global config mode quickly, save configurations, and view aliases with commands like show run include alias.

Explore the two serial encapsulations: hdlc and bpp, and their ability to carry multiple protocols. Assess how bpp adds authentication, link control, multi-link bundling, and error detection compared to hdlc.

Initialize two routers from scratch and configure a point-to-point HDLC connection using the default encapsulation, then verify connectivity with show commands and ping.

Configure a point-to-point PPP connection on serial interfaces by changing encapsulation, verify connectivity with show commands, and understand PPP advantages like industry standard, authentication, and multi-link load balancing.

Configure PPP authentication using PAP by creating a peer username-password database on both routers, enable PAP authentication on the interface, and verify with debug, show commands, and ping.

Configure chap authentication for ppp links by hashing the password and performing challenge-based verification before the link comes up.

Configure ppp multilink to bundle two serial links for increased bandwidth and redundancy. Create a multi-link interface, assign ip on the logical interface, and bind the physical interfaces with bpp.

Enable remote management by configuring IP connectivity to access the router's console remotely. Telnet is simple but plaintext; SSH provides encrypted access with username and password and enable password.

Set up a lab topology and configure telnet-based remote management on Cisco routers, including line vty access, telnet password, and enable secret, tested via a PC.

Configure telnet remote management with username and password authentication by creating a local accounts database for administrators, enabling per-user logins on virtual terminal lines and testing from multiple devices.

Configure secure remote management with ssh using a username and password. Set a domain name, generate rsa keys, and enable ssh on vty lines.

Explore routing basics: build routing tables from connected networks, static and default routes, and dynamic routing protocols; learn admin distance and how RIP, SPF, ISIS, and BGP influence route selection.

Explore distance vector routing protocols, which reveal only the next-hop view and use metrics like hops or bandwidth to select the best path, via RIP and EIGRP exchanges.

Learn how link state routing protocols provide each router with a complete topology view, advertise its links and costs, and calculate the best path independently.

Configure static routes across a three-router topology using IP route, review the syntax and configuration, and compare to dynamic routing with focus on routing tables, administrative distance, and reachability.

Explore the default route and default gateway, showing how a single 0.0.0.0/0 route reduces a large routing table by directing unknown traffic to the ISP.

Configure floating static routes as backups, enable equal-cost load balancing with static routes, and adjust admin distance to ensure backups only activate when primary paths fail.

Explore RIP version 2, a distance-vector dynamic routing protocol, including hop-count metrics, update timers, split horizon, authentication, and route summarization to optimize small networks.

Configure rip version 2 on routers, enable on loopback and physical interfaces using the network command, and understand major networks versus subnets for accurate route advertisements.

Discover how passive interfaces in RIP v2 prevent unnecessary multicast updates on non-router links while keeping networks advertised from enabled interfaces.

Explore how RIPv2 auto-summarization works by default, its impact on routing updates across major networks, and how manual summarization can prevent path disruption.

Explore how eigrp forms neighbor relationships with hello packets, maintains topology and routing tables, and supports equal and unequal cost load balancing with bandwidth and delay metrics.

Configure basic eigrp on a multi-router topology, enable edge ip on interfaces, set the same autonomous system, and use network statements with inverse masks to advertise subnets and verify neighbors.

Apply ip passive-interface under eigrp to stop both sending and receiving updates on interfaces of land segments, contrast with rip, and implement on specified interfaces in the lab.

Explain eigrp auto summarization, how classful major networks determine summaries, the impact on discontinuous networks, and the default behavior on newer iOS versus older versions.

Learn how EIGRP uses a composite metric based on bandwidth and delay to select the best path, and verify or adjust metrics by configuring interface bandwidth and delays.

Learn how EIGRP load balancing works. Default equal-cost paths are on by default, up to four paths, while unequal-cost balancing uses a variance parameter to distribute traffic by metric ratios.

Explore how OSPF single area operates, compare link-state routing with distance-vector protocols, and learn router IDs, interface types, DR/BDR elections, and LSA types 1 and 2 mechanics.

Configure OSPF in a single area on a point-to-point link by setting a locally significant process ID and router-id, then advertise loopback interfaces in area zero.

Configure OSPF in a single Ethernet area, elect a designated router and backup, set interface priorities, and form DR/BDR adjacencies to advertise routes.

Learn how OSPF metrics are calculated using the default reference bandwidth and interface speeds, and how to adjust the auto cost reference bandwidth to differentiate fast ethernet from gigabit links.

Explore how OSPF uses a two-tier backbone and area segmentation to scale networks. Learn how area border routers and LSA types 1-5 enable inter-area routing, summarization, and controlled flooding.

Configure and verify a multi-area OSPF network with backbone area 0 and non-backbone areas 10 and 20, using abr behavior, point-to-point networks, and loopback addresses; verify neighbors and inter-area routes.

Discover how BGP connects autonomous systems across the internet, enabling ISPs to exchange routes, support large routing tables, and enable external and internal BGP (ibgp) for redundancy.

enable eBGP across four autonomous systems by specifying neighbor ip addresses and remote as. advertise routes via network command for major and subnet routes, verify with show ip bgp summary.

Learn IPv6 addressing: 128-bit space, hex notation, default 64-bit network and host, eight blocks of four hex digits, and colon-based zero compression.

Explore the four IPv6 address types—global unique, unique local, link-local, and multicast—and identify them by hex-bit patterns, with global ISP-assigned, unique local private, and auto link-local addresses.

Track how IPv6 addresses flow from IANA to regional registries and ISPs, and how corporate /48 and end-user /56 allocations enable thousands of subnets with a 64-bit host portion.

learn how to manually assign IPv6 addresses using private and global addresses, including corporate /48 and SOHO /56, with /64 host subnetting and unique local addresses.

Master IPv6 address assignment with SLAAC. Derive host addresses from MAC using EUI-64 with fffe insertion and the inverted seventh bit for locally administered addresses.

Configure ipv6 static routes by manually defining destination networks with prefix and next-hop, enable ipv6 routing, and verify end-to-end reachability across a simple three-router network.

Learn how to use an IPv6 default route to forward unknown destinations to the ISP. Replace multiple static routes with a single default route and set the common next-hop.

Learn how to enable ripng on ipv6 routers using per-interface configuration, compare ripng with rip version 2, and verify updates with show commands via a dedicated process ABC.

Master configuring EIGRP for IPv6 within the CCNA R&S 2019 curriculum, enabling efficient IPv6 routing and adaptive path selection.

Learn how to configure ospfv3 to implement dynamic routing in modern networks as part of the ccna r&s 2019 curriculum.

Learn how access control lists classify and filter traffic using standard and extended ACLs, ACEs, top-down processing, implicit deny, wildcard masks, and port-based controls.

Learn how the standard numbered ACL filters traffic by source IP, uses wildcard masks, and is applied closest to the destination on routers to block specific networks or hosts.

Create a standard named ACL to filter by source IP, deny a target network or host, permit all else (implicit deny), then apply outbound and verify with show ip access-list.

Explains extended numbered ACLs and filtering by source and destination IP, protocol, and ports. Shows near-source deployment, implicit deny, and blocking telnet and icmp between networks.

Learn to implement named extended ACLs, block specific source-to-destination traffic and protocols (icmp, telnet), and apply the ACL inbound on interfaces using the first-fit rule.

Learn how to enforce access control lists with time-based rules by defining time ranges (periodic, weekdays, absolute), linking them to ACL entries to permit or deny traffic during specific hours.

Learn IPv6 access lists, similarities and differences with IPv4 ACLs, and how to configure, name, and apply them with traffic filters to block or permit traffic by source and protocol.

Explore how switches forward frames in a LAN using a MAC address table built by MAC learning, with ARP resolving IPs to MACs, while routers connect networks at layer 3.

Explore vlans, access and trunk ports, and how virtual vlans divide a single switch into multiple networks, using dot1q trunking and vlan tagging across switches.

Explore VLAN trunking protocol (VTP) for centralized VLAN management; configure a VTP server to create and propagate VLANs to clients, while clients and transparent mode control propagation and local assignment.

Learn to implement VLANs and port types on two switches, creating access and trunk ports, and propagate VLANs using VTP/DP with a dot1q trunk.

Learn inter-VLAN routing using router-on-a-stick and layer 3 switch options to connect VLAN 10 and VLAN 20, using sub interfaces, trunk ports, and switch virtual interfaces.

Map a physical topology to a layer 3 logical topology using trunking, VLAN assignment, router-on-a-stick, and layer 3 switch methods, following four steps to enable IP routing.

Explore how spanning-tree protocol prevents loops in redundant networks by electing a root switch, blocking ports, and using BPDU topology discovery, with per VLAN options and rapid STP enhancements.

Learn how spanning tree elects a root switch per VLAN, using priority and system MAC addresses as tiebreakers, and configure per-VLAN root, backup, and port roles to balance links.

Learn how PortFast speeds up access by skipping the listening and learning phases in STP, enabling immediate forwarding on end-device ports and preventing unnecessary delays in a switched topology.

Discover how port fast forwards immediately and its loop vulnerabilities, and how BPDU guard disables a port when receiving a BPDU on a port fast, protecting the network.

Set up a simple two-switch topology to verify BPDU guard with portfast, configure trunk ports and VLANs 10 and 20, enable portfast and BPDU guard, and verify immediate forwarding.

Discover how ether channels, or port channels, aggregate two links into a single logical interface to boost redundancy and load balancing, using manual, BGP, or LCP negotiation.

Configure static etherchannel port channels between switches, assigning gigabit interfaces to a channel group, creating port-channel interfaces, and configuring trunks, VLAN 10, and IP routing.

Explore etherchannel using LACP negotiation, compare active and passive modes, configure port channels and trunks, and test layer 2 and layer 3 connectivity via SBI across switches.

Learn how port security binds a MAC address to a switch port, using static or dynamic methods with MAC sticky, set the port mode, and save the config at startup to persist.

Learn port security lab techniques by configuring static and dynamic port security, using sticky learning, and validating MAC address retention across VLAN interfaces via show commands.