
Trace the heart's action potential pathway from SA node to Purkinje fibers, reveal the AV delay and PR interval, and explain first to third degree heart blocks.
Learn the Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs, from class one sodium channel blockers to class four calcium channel blockers, with notes on QT prolongation and torsade de pointes.
Explore the ventricular myocyte action potential: phase 0 depolarization from -90 mv via sodium influx, phases 1–3 including plateau with calcium influx, and endocardial-to-epicardial activation.
Describe how the SA node, the heart's pacemaker, undergoes self-depolarization via funny current and leaky sodium and L-type calcium channels, shaping its pacemaker potential and autonomic control.
Learn the cardiac cycle's systolic and diastolic phases, including isovolumetric contraction, rapid and slow ejection, protodiastole, isovolumetric relaxation, rapid filling, diastasis, and atrial contraction with key heart sounds.
Explain how Cushing's, Bainbridge, Bezold-Jarisch, and oculocardiac reflexes regulate heart rate via intracranial pressure, venous return, chemical triggers, and eyeball compression, mainly through vagal and sympathetic pathways.
Master the cardiac cycle’s systole and diastole, including isovolumetric contraction, rapid and slow ejection, diastasis, and atrial contraction, with associated S1, S2, S3, S4 sounds.
Learn that central venous pressure equals right atrial pressure and rises with right-sided heart failure, tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, and tricuspid stenosis and regurgitation, and falls with hypovolemia or vasodilation.
Learn how laminar blood flow dominates in vessels, governed by Reynolds number; Poisson formula links flow to pressure difference, radius, length, and viscosity, with anemia causing turbulence and hyperdynamic circulation.
Explore jugular venous pressure waves A, C, X, V, Y and how atrial and ventricular activity shapes right atrial pressure, with abnormalities like cannon A waves and prominent X descent.
Understand how Kussmaul sign shows a failed decrease in jugular venous pressure during inspiration, signaling right ventricular dysfunction in constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, massive pulmonary embolism, or right ventricular infarction.
Explore the left ventricular pressure-volume loop, detailing filling, contraction, ejection, relaxation, end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, stroke volume, and differences in aortic stenosis and regurgitation.
Preload equals end diastolic volume and rises with venous return. Afterload is the aortic pressure set by peripheral vascular resistance in arterioles.
Explore vascular physiology focusing on the aorta's windkessel elastic recoil, arterial and capillary dynamics, starling forces, lymphatics, and venous capacitance.
This course is specifically designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular physiology, catering to MBBS students, as well as learners from all branches of paramedical courses such as nursing, physiotherapy, and allied health sciences. The curriculum offers an in-depth exploration of key cardiovascular concepts, making it an ideal resource for those aiming to master the intricacies of heart and blood vessel function.
Students will begin with a solid foundation, learning about the structure of the heart, including its chambers, valves, and major blood vessels, as well as the function of cardiac muscle. We then dive into the regulation of cardiac output, covering critical factors such as heart rate, stroke volume, preload, afterload, and myocardial contractility. You’ll also explore the autonomic nervous system’s role in cardiovascular control, with detailed coverage of the baroreceptor reflex and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
The course further includes insights into blood pressure regulation, vascular resistance, and the physiology of circulation. Advanced topics, such as the cardiac cycle, ECG interpretation, and the cardiovascular system’s adaptation during exercise or in pathological states like heart failure and hypertension, will also be explored.
Designed to be both accessible and thorough, this course is suitable for MBBS students preparing for exams, including NEET PG and USMLE, as well as paramedical students seeking to enhance their understanding of cardiovascular physiology. By the end of the course, students will be equipped with both theoretical knowledge and practical skills, allowing them to confidently apply their learning in clinical settings.