Programming using C & Data Structures from Basic to Advanced

This lecture explains C tokens: identifiers, keywords, constants, strings, and operators; identifiers must start with a letter or underscore and use letters or digits, avoiding reserved words and invalid symbols.

Learn how variables name memory locations to store data and how data types determine memory allocation and value representation in C.

Learn to use printf and scanf in C for formatted output and keyboard input. Explore format strings, conversion specifiers, width, precision, and reading multiple values with addresses of variables.

Explore unformatted io functions, how they read and display characters and strings, and how output formatting differs from formatted functions, including echo behavior and newline termination.

Explore how expressions in C use arithmetic operators, including plus, minus, multiply, divide, modulo, and pre/post increment, and learn operator precedence and bracket rules for correct evaluation.

Explore relational operators in C, including = and ==, and how comparisons yield true or false (0 or non-zero); understand boolean concepts and the and, or, not operators with precedence.

Explore bitwise operators in C, including left and right shifts, negation, and logical operations, with emphasis on binary representation, decimal and hexadecimal forms, and two's complement.

Explore unconditional branching with the goto statement using labels to transfer control, and learn why it is rarely recommended due to readability and complexity.

Explore control flow in C by mastering if statements, comparisons, and nested ifs with hands-on examples, such as finding the largest of three numbers and checking evenness.

Explain how the switch statement evaluates a constant integral expression against case labels, uses breaks to avoid fall-through, and optionally includes a default.

Explore how while loops execute a block of statements repeatedly while a condition is true, with examples printing hello multiple times and counting to a hundred.

Master the do-while loop in c, which executes the body before checking the condition, guaranteeing at least one execution and useful for input gathering and accumulating sums toward a threshold.

Explore the for loop in C, compare it with while loops, and learn initialization, condition, and increment patterns through practical examples like printing sequences, sums, tables, and star patterns.

Explore how break and continue control flow alter loop execution in C programming, terminating a loop early or skipping remaining iterations within for loops and conditional tests.

Explore special cases in C decision making, including break, continue, and goto usage, for loops, and address assignment versus equality and floating point precision issues.

Learn how a C function is an independent block of code that performs a specific task, may return a value, and is declared, defined, and called with arguments.

Explore the scope and lifetime of variables, differentiating global and local variables across functions. Explain storage classes—automatic, static, register, extern—and how pass by value and pass by reference work in function calls.

Explore recursion as a method where a function calls itself on smaller instances until the value becomes zero, demonstrated with factorial and the reverse printing order.

Explore arrays in C: declare and initialize same-type elements indexed from zero. Learn partial initialization, safety with size constants or macros, and using loops to find the maximum.

Use arrays to compute the maximum, minimum, and average of numbers, with input handling and for loops for dynamic element counts.

Learn how arrays can be passed to functions in C, using a length parameter to manage elements, and how in-place changes to array elements reflect back to the caller.

Learn how a two-dimensional array in C uses rows and columns to store elements, initialize and access them, and traverse with nested loops for printing and manipulation.

Learn the fundamentals of pointers in C, including addresses, the ampersand and star operators, and how pointer types relate to memory allocation and data access.

Demonstrate how function pointer parameters work and how passing by value differs from passing by address or by reference, using pointers to swap values and manipulate memory addresses.

Explore pointer arithmetic by incrementing or decrementing a pointer to the next location of its type, noting how the data type size, byte or double, affects the next address.

Explore function pointers in C and learn to declare and call them. See how they enable polymorphism and callbacks, from basic examples to complex cases.

Explore dynamic memory allocation versus static memory allocation, using malloc to allocate memory from the heap at runtime. Learn to free memory to prevent memory leaks and avoid dangling pointers.

Compare calloc and malloc for heap memory in C, noting calloc zero-initializes memory while malloc does not, and discuss when to use each with free and memset.

Explore string handling in C, including declaration, initialization, string literals, and memory allocation for fixed-size arrays and dynamic pointers, with null-terminated sequences and basic input methods.

Learn to read and write strings in C, compare scanf and gets, handle spaces, use buffers, determine string length via null termination, and perform basic string concatenation.

Count words in a string by iterating over each character and detecting spaces. Implement conditions to increment the word count and debug the approach.

Explore standard C string library functions such as strcpy, strcat, strlen, strcmp, strchr, and strstr, learn how these utilities copy, concatenate, measure length, compare, and locate substrings.

Discover how to manage an array of strings in C, reading and allocating memory for each element, then concatenating them into a single string while properly freeing all memory.

Declare and instantiate a user defined data type as a structure, access members with dot notation, and use nested structures like date of birth to group related fields in C.

Learn how to pass structures to functions by value or by pointer, access members with dot or arrow, and ensure modifications reflect in the caller by using pointers.

explores using an enumerated data type to represent days of the week, with seven members starting at zero, improving readability and avoiding macros, via typedef and variable declarations.

Unions differ from structures by sharing memory at the largest member, while structures allocate separate memory per member; a variant stores different data types at different times.

Explore bit fields within a structure to optimize memory usage, balancing field sizes, padding, and data types. Learn unsigned versus signed behavior and how values fit within limited bits.