C, C++, Java; A Programming MegaPrimer for Beginners

Here is the downloadable file, used in this course. Hope it will be a booster in learning C programming language

In the C programming language, data types refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of different types. The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in storage and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted.

The second data type in C programming is float which allows to store decimal values in C programming. Learn more about float in this video

Some data types are not integer or even float. They are called as void which means empty or nothing

A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory; the range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.

The constants are treated just like regular variables except that their values cannot be modified after their definition.

There are two simple ways in C to define constants:

1. Using #define preprocessor.
2. Using const keyword.

There are certain characters in C when they are preceded by a backslash they will have special meaning and they are used to represent like newline (\n) or tab (\t). Here, you have a list of some of such escape sequence codes:

When we are saying Input that means to feed some data into program. This can be given in the form of file or from command line.

This video will help you to understand arithmetic operations in c coding. There are many simple operations like addition, subtraction which are performed in C programming

This video will help you to understand relational operations in C coding

there are many logical operations which can make life easier in c coding. This video will help you to understand various logical operations

learn to handle bitwise operations in C programming in this video tutorial of c programming

learn the syntax and usage of if and else-if in c programming

The switch and case statements are very useful in c programming. learn the syntax and code example of switch case statement in c programming in this video

There may be a situation, when you need to execute a block of code several number of times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on.

Unlike for and while loops, which test the loop condition at the top of the loop, the do...while loop in C programming language checks its condition at the bottom of the loop.

A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times.

Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed.

A function declaration tells the compiler about a function's name, return type, and parameters. A function definition provides the actual body of the function.

While calling a function, there are two ways that arguments can be passed to a function:

Call by value:This method copies the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of the function. In this case, changes made to the parameter inside the function have no effect on the argument.

Call by reference:This method copies the address of an argument into the formal parameter. Inside the function, the address is used to access the actual argument used in the call. This means that changes made to the parameter affect the argument.

C programming language provides a data structure called the array, which can store a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.

C programming language allows multidimensional arrays. Here is the general form of a multidimensional array declaration

Pointers in C are easy and fun to learn. Some C programming tasks are performed more easily with pointers, and other tasks, such as dynamic memory allocation, cannot be performed without using pointers. So it becomes necessary to learn pointers to become a perfect C programmer.

A pointer to a pointer is a form of multiple indirection, or a chain of pointers. Normally, a pointer contains the address of a variable. When we define a pointer to a pointer, the first pointer contains the address of the second pointer, which points to the location that contains the actual value

The string in C programming language is actually a one-dimensional array of characters which is terminated by a null character '\0'. Thus a null-terminated string contains the characters that comprise the string followed by a null.

C arrays allow you to define type of variables that can hold several data items of the same kind butstructure is another user defined data type available in C programming, which allows you to combine data items of different kinds

A file represents a sequence of bytes, does not matter if it is a text file or binary file. C programming language provides access on high level functions as well as low level (OS level) calls to handle file on your storage devices

As such C programming does not provide direct support for error handling but being a system programming language, it provides you access at lower level in the form of return values. Most of the C or even Unix function calls return -1 or NULL in case of any error and sets an error code errno is set which is global variable and indicates an error occurred during any function call. You can find various error codes defined in <error.h> header file.

The C programming language provides several functions for memory allocation and management. These functions can be found in the<stdlib.h> header file.

It is possible to pass some values from the command line to your C programs when they are executed. These values are called command line arguments and many times they are important for your program specially when you want to control your program from outside instead of hard coding those values inside the code.

Conclusion for what we have learn so for in c programming

GCC is a compiler used to compile and run, C and C++ programs. C++ programs are known as source code and need to be converted into binaries to run. In order to do this, we need to convert source code into binaries and GCC helps us to do that.

When you want to run C++ programs, Eclipse needs a few extra steps to be performed. In this lecture you will learn those steps and from this lecture onwards, you will be able to run c++ programs on eclipse.

When you run your c++ programs via eclipse, you need to built your binaries because c++ is a compile language. In this lecture you will learn about building your project that is also known as compiling the project and then run the project.

We have already seen from the last movie, that how we can run a hello world program in eclipse. In this movie, we will take a closer look on each line and it's working in the c++ environment.

With c++, there are some default key words like for, int, while etc. that you cannot use in your programming. Along the learning process of coding, you will learn more about the reserve keywords. It is always recommended that you should give meaning full name to your variables to avoid confliction. There are also some rules and regulation for defining name for your variables.

Check the attachment in this lecture to get exercise files.

C++ allows you to work with variety of data types like integer values, decimal values, string values and others. in this lecture, we will take a close look on dealing with different types of data.

Variable is a name given to fixed memory space that is reserved for one or the other data type that a programer is about to use. As the name says, variable that means that can vary. Variables can store different type of data but in c++, you have to first mention the type of data.

A variable is may or may not be accessible to different section of code. this access or restriction of variable visibility is know as variable scope. Local variable have only local scope means that can be access within the code block but global variable has access to all section of code of that program.

C++ allows you to make any variable to be acing as a constant value. In this lecture, those two methods are defined. One is using the const keyword and second is using the preprocessor statement.

Integer and float are the numerical values that are used for various calculation in programming. Character constants are some special character which when followed by back slash as a special functional symbol. for example in cout if you write back slash n, then it act as a new line character.

values in c++ can be signed and unsigned. Means that some values in c++ have positive and negative signs and some don't. It is fairly important to understand the difference between two otherwise you might change your actual value without knowing about the consequences to your code.

C++ allows you to perform a variety of math operation in your code. These math operations are known as Arithmetic operations in c++. This includes addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus and variety of such operations.

Relational operation in c++ are those operations that gives the idea about relation between two values, for example the relation operations might be used to check the greater value among the two operations.

AND, OR and NOT are know as logical operations in c++. These operations allows you to check two conditions at the same time. Depending on using AND or OR, you can choose which condition matters to your code the most or both condition matter to you

Assignment operation are done with operators that are made up with the help of equal operator. Apart from double equal operator, all the other operators that assigns the value in some variable, can be treated as assignment operator.

A code need to test a variety of condition and for the If and Else keywords are used. These keywords let the code to test the condition and after that, program can decide, which code block to execute and what can be left.

If and Else are great way to test the condition in programming but these are not good option when we to pass only one condition from 200 cases. For such condition, Switch and case are used. Switch and case allows you to test from several condition and if non of them is passed, you can mention the default case too.

The question mark and colon operator are treated as shorthand for If and Else operations. Although these operations are not highly qualified for much longer condition but they make short code even shorter.

looping or iteration is a valuable technique in programming. When we want to perform a task more than once, then we can loop through that task for a particular condition. While loop is one of the basic loop to perform such iteration.

The do while loop performs the exact same task as of while loop. The only major difference is that, in while loop the condition is tested first and in do-while loop the condition is testing after the first execution. So, our loop is going to run the task at least one time.

The most famous loop of all time in C++ is for loop. It has a simpler syntax as compared to other loops. You can initialize the variable, put the condition and do the increment and decrement in same line. If you will check out the most programs in c++, for loop is the most common to be found.

Break keyword is used to throw the processing of program outside a code block. We have already seen the working of break keyword in switch and break video, but same can be used in looping too.

Continue is another important keyword used to just skip the flow of program for a particular condition. Continue just put the execution of program in the beginning for a given condition.

GOTO keyword is used to place the flow of program to a given and specific point. Goto allows to mention the tag, where you can throw the execution of program.