
Outline the history of international trade, treaties, payment systems, letters of credit, trade terms, duties, taxes, and import documentation and clearance.
Explore the evolution of international trade from historic routes to global networks, analyzing treaties, tariffs, services trade, intellectual property, dispute settlement, and the rise of multinational firms.
Trace the history of international trade from barter to liberalism, highlighting comparative advantage, postwar rules, and globalization shaped by technology and e-commerce.
Explore the history and economic principles shaping international trade, including balance of payments, import–export rules, and the WTO’s role in overseeing agreements, disputes, and regional blocs like EU, NAFTA, ASEAN.
Learn payment mechanisms in international trade, including advance payments, letters of credit, and documentary drafts. Understand open accounts, currency usage (USD and euro), and creditworthiness in global transactions.
Explore international payment systems and the Swiss protocol SWIFT, the mass messaging standard that links banks across global supply chains, enabling automated, rapid cross-border payments.
Understand how letters of credit and confirmed letters of credit secure payments and shipments in international trade between exporters and importers, with banks validating terms and documentary evidence.
The letter of credit is normally irrevocable, meaning no single party can unilaterally amend it without the mutual consent of both parties.
Learn how sight and future letters of credit govern payment, with immediate presentation of shipping documents to banks and potential 30–60 day seller credit.
Explore international trade terms amid globalization, focusing on incoterms group e (ex works), its minimal seller liability, and how buyers and their agents handle costs, risk, and documentation.
This lecture introduces Incoterms group f, detailing seller origin costs, delivery on board or alongside the ship, and transfer of risk and transportation insurance costs to the buyer.
explains group c incoterms, comparing cost and freight with cost, insurance and freight, noting the seller pays transportation costs and risk shifts to the buyer on delivery.
Explain group d terms, where the seller bears risk to deliver cargo to the destination port, including discharge and duties paid, while the buyer handles import clearance and duties.
Explore open general license items within international trade, detailing how duties, tariffs, and licenses shape imports and exports, with examples such as consumer durables, handicrafts, electronics, food, and drugs.
Understand imports under specific licenses and quota restrictions, including secondhand capital equipment and machinery, with conditions to prove residual life and adherence to periodically reviewed import quotas.
Explore how export licenses and negative lists regulate prohibited items, from wildlife to narcotics, and prevent smuggling and duty avoidance in international trade.
Explore how globalization shapes international trade and customs duties, including voluntary customs duties, tariff politics, and rounds like Uruguay and Doha that influence market access.
Learn how basic customs duty and additional duties are set and adjusted. Explore fixed-value, per-unit, and special duties, temporary duties and bilateral trade pact duties collected by customs at ports.
Explore customs brokerage within international trade, detailing valuation, classification, and duty assessments, and how brokers navigate customs clearance, documents, and approvals.
Explore how import and customs clearance coordinates cargo through licensed customs brokers and bonded warehouses. Understand prohibited items and agency inspections that determine clearance for delivery.
Navigate import documentation and customs clearance by filing the bill of entry with essential documents (commercial invoice, packing list, certificate of origin, licenses) and explore bonding options for duty deferral.
Understand how customs clearance agencies and brokers manage import export processes, including documentation, valuation, bill of entry, and timely clearance to avoid demurrage.
Importation is the bringing of goods or services into a country from abroad for sales " manufactures fought to restrict the importation of cheap foreign goods" An import in the receiving country is an export from the sending country. Importation and exportation are the defining financial transactions of international trade. In international trade, the importation and exportation of goods are limited by import quotas and mandates from the custom authority. It is very important we learn about some of the import documentations that are require by customs such as bill of entry, bill of lading/airway bill, import license, insurance certificate and purchase order/ letter of credit.
Any time you walk into a supermarket and pick up any item like a knife or a toy and chances are that the item are manufactured in china or assembled in Mexico. Pick up coffee pods and you would see that they have being imported from Africa. When you shop for clothes it is quite likely you will see made in China label. We all know that international trade has being in vogue for centuries and all civilizations carried on trade with other parts of the world. The need for trading exist due to variations in availability of resources and competitive advantage. In the present context where technology and innovation in all fields have thrown open borders to globalization, no country can afford to remain isolated and be self-sufficient.
With the creation of World Trade Organization, there has being constant efforts made to unite countries to create more market, to standardize tariffs and trade laws as well as remove trade barriers in trying to create free markets.
Understandung international trade laws is foundational for any import business. These laws govern how goods move across borders ensuring that all parties adhere to regulations that promote fair trade, safety, and consumer protection. Gr owing an importation business requires selecting high-demand, profitable niche products via market research on platforms. Scale by starting with small, test orders to assess quality, then re-invest profits, build direct relationships with manufacturers, and utilize digital marketing to boost sales.