Biology101: Nervous, Endocrine and Skeletal System

Examine how organisms respond to stimuli across plants, invertebrates, and humans, highlighting phototropism and gravitropism driven by auxins, and the nervous system's role in sensing and reacting.

Explore how the nervous system detects stimuli, processes information in the brain, and transmits signals via neurons and neurotransmitters to control reflexes, movement, and organ regulation.

Learn how reflex actions trigger quick, involuntary responses via the reflex arc from receptors to effectors, with knee-jerk and pupil reflex examples.

Understand the human eye’s structure and function, including cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, accommodation, cones and rods, and the optic nerve, plus aqueous and vitreous humor and sclera.

Understand accommodation of the eye and how the lens changes shape to focus light on the retina, and examine myopia, hypermetropia, and glaucoma with their corrections.

The endocrine system uses hormones secreted by glands to regulate cells and organs via blood, producing slower effects, with insulin, glucagon, thyroxin, adrenaline, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone via negative feedback.

Explore how insulin deficiency and insulin resistance disrupt glucose regulation, causing type 1 and type 2 diabetes, with the pancreas' role and symptoms.

Explore movement in plants and animals, from mimosa leaf closure and light response to microbial locomotion, and examine the skeletal system's protective, supportive, and hematopoietic roles.

Learn how the vertebral column's cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions with sacrum and coccyx enable movement, and how immovable and synovial joints use cartilage, synovial fluid, and antagonistic muscles.