Basic hydraulics. Learn about pumps, valves, cylinders ++

Explore how oil viscosity controls lubrication in hydraulic systems, affecting internal leakage, volumetric and hydro mechanical efficiency, and the impact of temperature, water in oil, and wear on performance.

Explore hydrostatics, the behavior of fluids at rest, and how pressure, area, and forces enable work in hydraulic systems with bar and psi units.

Explore hydrodynamics of hydraulic oil motion, including pressure losses, heat, and power calculations, while comparing laminar and turbulent flow and Reynolds number in liters per minute and bar.

Explore how hydraulic cylinders enable linear movement, detailing single acting, double acting, and balanced configurations, plus symbols and operating principles for telescopic and two-rod variants.

Learn how hydraulic cylinders use end stroke damping to gradually decelerate heavy loads by restricting oil flow through bores, drums with holes, wedges, or adjustable choke valve.

Learn how hydraulic cylinders are fastened with bolt-hole lips, ball-shaped bushings for rotation, and flanged guides, and note that machine mounting is not part of hydraulic symbols.

Explore seals and bushings on hydraulic cylinders, including scraper rings and seal profiles. Understand how oil containment, wear, and buckling influence cylinder performance.

Explain positive displacement in oil hydraulics: changing pump volume draws oil through non-return valves and pressurizes the liquid, yielding high pressures even with a closed outlet, as smart pumps evolve.

Learn how axial and radial piston pumps differ in movement and operation. See how a crankshaft drives displacement via suction and pressure ports and valves, producing flow and high torque.

Learn how a gear pump uses positive displacement, with rotation defining inlet and outlet, to draw oil from the tank and push it into the hydraulic system with high pressure.

Explore the functionality of vane pumps in hydraulic systems, illustrating rotor motion, vane pressure, and inlet and outlet flow that powers car servo systems without high-pressure operation.

Discover how a gerotor pump works: a stationary housing houses inner and outer rotors with six and seven teeth, creating suction and discharge pockets through anti-clockwise rotation, a positive-displacement principle.

Choke valves regulate liquid flow speed in hydraulic systems by adjusting differential pressure, with DP-dependent and non-DP variants; some are viscosity dependent, others provide stable flow.

Explore how a flow regulator keeps constant cylinder speed and flow regardless of load by combining a choke valve with a pressure reduction valve. See how differential pressure governs performance.

Explore how pressure relief valves limit hydraulic system pressure and act as safety valves. Understand direct acting and piloted designs, spring compression, adjustment screws, and inlet and outlet passages.

Learn how a normally open pressure reduction valve maintains reduced pressure after the valve by balancing spring force and downstream pressure, and how it differs from a pressure relief valve.

Directional control valves regulate energy flow in hydraulic systems, enabling bidirectional motion of cylinders and motors. The A43 valve illustrates four ports, three positions, and P, T, A, B connections.

Understand non-return valves, including spring-loaded operation, a piston and cone seat, and one-way flow between ports A and B. Explore bypass, opening pressure, and relationship with filters and choke valves.

Explain changeover valves in a three-port hydraulic system, showing how signals from X or Y route flow to A, enabling a hydraulic motor to be controlled locally or remotely.

Explore how accumulators store hydraulic energy and provide emergency power, covering bladder, piston, diaphragm, and mass types, pre-charge pressure, and energy storage.

Understand how the oil tank stores surplus hydraulic oil, removes air to keep a rigid system, and serves as a cooler and mounting hub for pumps, filters, and cylinders.

Explore heat exchangers in hydraulic systems, detailing how oil viscosity and temperature affect lubrication, and compare air and water coolers, designs, and countercurrent versus concurrent flow for efficient heat transfer.

Evaluate filter efficiency to differentiate good from bad five-micron filters and ensure clean oil for hydraulic systems; learn how the beta factor measures particle removal.

Identify hydraulic fittings, thread standards, and sealing methods for pumps and valves. Distinguish NPT and BSP, apply proper seals—including Dowty where appropriate—and document fittings to prevent leaks.

Learn to mount hydraulic hose fittings by selecting NPT and BSP threads and using Dowty seals for leakproof joints. Recognize banjo and GIC fittings, avoiding mixed standards.