Basic hydraulics. Learn about pumps, valves, cylinders ++

Explore hydrodynamics of hydraulic oil motion, including pressure losses, heat, and power calculations, while comparing laminar and turbulent flow and Reynolds number in liters per minute and bar.

Explore how hydraulic cylinders enable linear movement, detailing single acting, double acting, and balanced configurations, plus symbols and operating principles for telescopic and two-rod variants.

Explore seals and bushings on hydraulic cylinders, including scraper rings and seal profiles. Understand how oil containment, wear, and buckling influence cylinder performance.

Learn how axial and radial piston pumps differ in movement and operation. See how a crankshaft drives displacement via suction and pressure ports and valves, producing flow and high torque.

Explore how pressure relief valves limit hydraulic system pressure and act as safety valves. Understand direct acting and piloted designs, spring compression, adjustment screws, and inlet and outlet passages.

Learn how a normally open pressure reduction valve maintains reduced pressure after the valve by balancing spring force and downstream pressure, and how it differs from a pressure relief valve.

Evaluate filter efficiency to differentiate good from bad five-micron filters and ensure clean oil for hydraulic systems; learn how the beta factor measures particle removal.

Identify hydraulic fittings, thread standards, and sealing methods for pumps and valves. Distinguish NPT and BSP, apply proper seals—including Dowty where appropriate—and document fittings to prevent leaks.