Bare Metal Programming of AVR Micro-Controllers

Explore how embedded systems fuse software and hardware to control devices with microcontrollers, memory, sensors, actuators, and power supplies. Classify systems by real-time requirements and networked or mobile use.

Explore the general architecture of microcontrollers, distinguish microcontrollers from microprocessors, and learn how on-chip memory, input output ports, and communication protocols enable compact embedded systems.

Explore the ATmega16 microcontroller's features and pin diagram. Learn about its internal architecture and peripherals like ADC, timers, PWM, and communication interfaces.

Create your first microcontroller project in Microchip Studio for the ATmega16, write a hello world style test, understand an infinite loop, and build to generate a hex file for flashing.

Understand core embedded system terminologies, including binary representation, bits, nibble, byte, word, registers, and data and address buses used in Atmega microcontrollers.

Learn how the atmega 16 uses the direction register to set each port pin as input or output, enabling input and output operations and interfacing with leds and push buttons.

Learn how to use the AVR port register to drive LEDs, set pins as outputs with the direction register, and toggle port C with 0xff and 0x00, including pull up.

Create a Proteus simulation of an ATmega16 with eight leds on port C, each with 1k resistors, and write a C program in Atmel Studio to blink them every second.

Write a C program to blink leds at a one-second interval on an atmega16 using microchip studio with a 16 mhz external crystal, then simulate hex in protest model.

Master bit-level control by applying masking to reset or set specific bits in AVR registers, using port A and port C examples with masks like 0xF7 and 0x02.

Learn to read external signals via input port programming on an Atmega 16, using DDR and pin registers, masking pin A to drive port C LEDs with a pull-up resistor.

Simulate switch-based LED control on port C with an Atmega16 in Microchip Studio; read PA3, mask 0x08, and blink eight LEDs with 500 ms delays when pressed.

Explore push button configurations and pull-up and pull-down circuits, with internal pull ups on Atmega 16 via DDR and PORT, driving port C LEDs with two switches for four states.

Bare-metal avr programming: simulate switches on port a with pull-ups, read SW1 and SW2 via 0x20 and 0x40, and blink port c LEDs with 0x55 and 0xaa on atmega16.

Explore how interrupts enable immediate microcontroller responses, compare polling with interrupt-driven design, and implement external and internal interrupts with proper ISR, flag and enable bits, and volatile variable considerations.

Configure external interrupts on avr microcontrollers, detailing int0, int1, and int2 edge and level triggering, relevant registers, and a practical rising-edge interrupt example with an led and switch.

Explore programming and simulating external interrupt 0 for atmega16, configure rising and falling edges, implement a minimal ISR with a volatile flag, and flash LEDs via port c in response.

Explore how Atmega 16 timers and counters count internal and external pulses, operate in up or down modes, and generate pwm via prescalers and compare match registers.

Explore the AVR timer0 registers (tcnt0, tccr0, and ocr0) and configure prescalers and modes—normal, ctc, pwm variants, and overflow/compare-match interrupts.

Calculate TC and T0 values and prescaler settings in the normal mode of an 8-bit timer to generate precise delays, from microseconds to seconds, considering overflow and repeats.

Implement a 50 microsecond delay with timer0 on ATmega16 and visualize the pb3 port b pulse in a simulator; use a modular design with system_init, timer0_init, timer0_delay and prescaler eight.