Antibiotics Classess, Mechanisms, and Bacteria coverage

Penicillin inhibits cross-linking of the bacterial cell wall by binding penicillin binding protein. Bacteria resist by beta-lactamase, but beta-lactamase inhibitors restore activity, covering common infections like pneumonia and syphilis.

Metronidazole acts as a free radical generator that damages bacterial proteins and DNA from within; it treats anaerobic and gram-negative infections below the diaphragm, including clostridium, amoeba, and giardia.

Discover HIV treatment guidelines: rule out resistance, start triple therapy with two RTIs and an integrase inhibitor, monitor viral load, and use PCR for newborn testing.

Explain how HIV medications block entry, reverse transcription, integration, and protease activity. Highlight key side effects including anemia, pancreatitis, neuropathy, and Stephen Johnson syndrome with abacavir.

Daptomycin disrupts bacterial cell membranes while risking rhabdomyolysis in muscle cells; monitor with CPQ when used with statins, and avoid pneumonia treatment because surfactant inactivates it.

Folate inhibitors block bacterial DNA synthesis by sulfonamides targeting the synthase and trimethoprim enabling sequential DNA blockade. They treat leprosy and pneumocystis and can cause anemia, hypersensitivity, and drug interactions.

Block bacterial protein synthesis by inhibiting the 30S ribosomal subunit, aminoglycosides kill aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Enter bacteria only with oxygen, and note toxicities and resistance via phosphorylation.

Macrolides inhibit translocation by binding the 50S subunit, blocking protein synthesis. They treat Legionella, pneumonia, and other nonserious infections; azithromycin is an example, with diarrhea and arrhythmias as side effects.

Explore first- and second-line anti-tb medications, focusing on isoniazid and rifamycins, their activation and resistance, and note hepatic toxicity, vitamin b6 deficiency, red-orange secretions, and color vision changes.

chloroquine inhibits heme detoxification to hemozoin in plasmodium, killing malaria; beware irreversible retinopathy and pruritus, with hydroxychloroquine as first line and travel prophylaxis before, during, and after trips.

Clindamycin acts bacteriostatically by inhibiting the 50S ribosomal subunit to block protein synthesis, treating infections above the diaphragm and risking Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis, managed with metronet azo or vancomycin.

Amphotericin B is an antifungal used to treat cryptococcus meningitis and histoplasmosis by forming pores in fungal membranes; intrathecal use and side effects include decreased gfr, phlebitis, and hypertension.

Use nystatin, a common antifungal after amphotericin b; it forms pores in fungal membranes, causing cell death, and is used topically or as swish-and-swallow for oral candidiasis.

Explore azoles, antifungals that inhibit cytochrome P450 and ergosterol synthesis, used for cryptococcal meningitis, aspergillosis, and skin infections, with risks of liver dysfunction, gynecomastia, and ERG11 resistance.

Explore carbapenems, last-resort antibiotics that form holes in bacterial walls via outer membrane protein UPD, with seizure threshold considerations, renal filtration inhibition by Stettin, and resistance through influx and efflux.

Explore cephalosporins' mechanism of action, inhibiting cell wall synthesis by binding penicillin-binding proteins across five generations. Learn generation-specific gram-positive and gram-negative coverage and resistance trends.

Acyclovir is activated by viral thymidine kinase and inhibits dna polymerase, creating defective viral dna to treat herpes simplex, varicella, Epstein-Barr; hydration reduces renal crystals; resistance from altered thymidine kinase.

Chloramphenicol inhibits a bacterial ribosomal enzyme to block protein synthesis and is controversial due to side effects like aplastic anemia and gray baby syndrome, while resistance arises from bacterial inactivation.

Acute hepatitis C therapy differs from chronic cases. Genotype guides prognosis; 3 and 6 month viral loads direct first to third line treatments and vaccination against hepatitis A and B.

Apply echinocandins to inhibit beta-glucan synthesis in fungal cell walls, targeting invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis, while monitoring for histamine-related reactions and potential resistance via altered glucan synthase.

Tetracyclines, including doxycycline and minocycline, inhibit protein synthesis and treat infections from acne to meningitis, though they cause photosensitivity, teeth discoloration, and must avoid milk, calcium, iron, or antacids.

Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial dna gyrase, halting dna unwinding and replication across many bacteria, including pseudomonas, for copd-associated infections and pneumonia. They may cause tendonitis, tendon rupture, and cytochrome p450 inhibition.

Vancomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding a glycoprotein end on gram-positive bacteria, with resistance via lactate substitution; treats MRSA and colitis, but causes red man syndrome and irreversible ototoxicity.

Griseofulvin inhibits fungal mitosis by disrupting microtubules and treats skin fungal infections affecting the skin and fingernails. It carries potential cancer risk and headaches, prompting cautious, limited use.

Block initiation at the 50S subunit with linezolid, a potent protein synthesis inhibitor, to combat MRSA while noting marrow suppression, optic neuritis, serotonin syndrome, and RNA subunit–driven resistance.

Polymyxins disrupt the bacterial wall to cause lysis and are mainly used against Pseudomonas, E. coli, and Klebsiella, but are rarely used due to renal, respiratory, and nerve toxicity.

Terbinafine treats skin fungal infections by inhibiting a fungal enzyme called epoxide, reflecting its narrow clinical indication. Be aware of side effects, including irreversible taste disturbances and potential liver damage.

Identify teratogenic antibiotics and their fetal risks, including abortion potential, and summarize mechanisms as protein synthesis inhibitors and DNA synthesis inhibitors.

Explore pharmacological equations and graphs for exams. Calculate loading dose from target concentration, volume of distribution, and bioavailability; determine clearance, half life, and therapeutic index from the data.

Explore how β-lactamase inhibitors like tazobactam block the bacterial enzyme that degrades penicillin, preventing penicillin breakdown. The combination enhances penicillin effectiveness against bacteria.