Human Anatomy and Physiology 1&2

Explore the chemical basis of life by detailing atoms, isotopes, and bonds, then connect biomolecules like lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids to cell membranes, energy, and genetic material.

Explore the integumentary system’s structure and functions, including hair, skin, nails, and glands; learn epidermal layers, dermal papillae, wound healing, and sensory, thermoregulatory, and protective roles.

Explore the skeletal system, including bone tissue, bone marrow, and intramembranous vs endochondral ossification, plus hormone-regulated growth, remodeling, and fracture healing.

Explore the muscular system from muscle architecture and connective tissues to sarcomere mechanics and energy pathways that power movement, heat production, posture, organ protection, and regulation of passage through orifices.

Explore the spinal cord anatomy, including white and gray matter, anterior and posterior horns, dorsal and ventral roots, decussation at pyramids, and reflexes like monosynaptic stretch and withdrawal.

Explore the endocrine system, its hormone classifications and receptors, and essential feedback loops, highlighting ADH, oxytocin, thyroid hormones, cortisol, insulin, growth hormone, sex steroids, metabolism, and calcium regulation.

Trace the arterial and venous networks from the aorta to the Circle of Willis and hepatic portal system, and note arteriosclerosis and CAD implications and treatments.

Examine the heart's cardiac musculature, intercalated discs and gap junctions, automaticity via the sinoatrial and AV nodes, and the Frank-Starling mechanism governing stroke volume.

Explore the respiratory system's gas exchange, from external respiration in the lungs to internal tissue respiration. Learn about alveoli, surfactant, ventilation, acid-base balance, and neural control of breathing.

Explore the digestive system from mouth to anus, detailing mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, and the liver, pancreas, bile, and other accessory organs.

Explore how the lymphatic system defends the body by detailing primary and secondary organs, innate and adaptive immunity, and antigen presentation.

Explore the renal and urinary system anatomy and the nephron's role in urine formation, micturition, and osmolality regulation.

Explore reproductive physiology and sexual differentiation, detailing gonads, gamete production, and the male and female reproductive tracts, from meiosis and spermatogenesis to fertilization and zygote formation.

explore the female reproductive system from the ovary to the uterus, detailing the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, ovulation around day 14, menstrual cycle phases, and ovarian and endometrial hormones.

Explore fertilization in the fallopian tube, zygote to blastocyst implantation, corpus luteum rescue by hcg, and placental hormones sustaining pregnancy, fetal development, and lactation.