Analog Electronics - Complete Course (35+ Hours)

Explore how metals, insulators, and semiconductors differ in energy bands, establishing conduction via free electrons. Learn how impurities tune semiconductor conductivity for modern electronics like computers and mobile phones.

Examine intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, focusing on silicon's structure, impurities, and how temperature yields equal electron and hole concentrations, then introduce the extended semiconductor and p-n junction.

Explore how intrinsic semiconductors become extrinsic through doping with impurities such as boron, phosphorus, arsenic, and gallium, creating n-type and p-type materials with electrons and holes, and temperature effects.

Explore how an unbiased pn junction forms a depletion region with immobile ions and a built-in barrier potential that halts the flow of electrons and holes.

Apply forward bias to a diode, causing electrons and holes to move toward the junction, narrowing the depletion region and enabling forward current.

In reverse bias, the diode's depletion region widens as electrons are attracted away from the junction, leaving a charged barrier; current is nearly zero.

Explore the diode equation and its forward and reverse behavior, including current approximations, slope, and temperature effects, and learn why we linearize diodes for circuit analysis using piecewise models.

Explore diode characteristics and equivalent circuits for ideal, practical, and piecewise linear models, covering forward and reverse bias, i–v behavior, and how to replace diodes in circuits for analysis.

Learn how to apply the short circuit test to diodes, determine in-circuit on/off states, and convert results into simplified models to solve analog circuits.

Apply the open circuit test to diodes to identify the conducting path by evaluating voltages at nodes and vpn values, then contrast with the short circuit test through examples.

Explore clippers in analog electronics, using diode clips to shape input signals by clipping the upper or lower portions, and compare two models with their transfer characteristics.

Explore six clipper models and how input signals clip above or below reference levels, producing distinct output characteristics and revealing short-circuit scenarios in analog circuits.

Explore diode-based clipper circuits that cause the output to follow the input when the input goes above or below certain levels, explaining positive/negative configurations, amplitude reduction, and noise rejection.

Analyze how an attenuator circuit passes the input signal within a defined voltage range and clips the output beyond bounds, using resistor networks and voltage division to shape the transfer.

Examine how clamper circuits use diodes and a charging capacitor to shift the dc level of an input without changing its dynamic range, with negative and positive clamper behaviors.

Explore positive and negative peak detectors in analog electronics, using diodes and capacitors to clamp and hold peak values, with intuitive behavior for varying input signals.

The lecture demonstrates a voltage multiplier by cascading a negative clamper with a detector to produce a DC output at maximum or minimum values, stressing proper input shifting and polarity.

Learn how rectifiers convert AC to pulsating DC with diodes and a transformer, then filter to smoother DC, and study half-wave and full-wave rectifiers with form factor and utilization factor.

Explore half-wave rectification in analog electronics, focusing on no-load and full-load DC voltages and diode behavior. Analyze forward resistance, transformer utilization factor, and efficiency considerations in rectifier circuits.

Explore transformer basics by examining turns ratio, primary and secondary voltages, deriving secondary values from a given input, and recognizing center-tapped secondary configurations for rectifier applications.

Examine how a shunt filter capacitor reduces ripple after a half-wave rectifier by charging and discharging through the load, with time constants governing ripple and DC accuracy.

Compare half wave and full wave rectification and analyze capacitor filter behavior, noting that full wave output doubles ripple frequency and smooths more effectively.

Explore how capacitors charge to maximum values in both half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits, and how discharge cycles for the load influence the rectifier output.

Analyze how an inductor filter with the load passes DC while suppressing AC and higher-frequency components, reducing ripple in rectified voltage.

Learn how an LC-CLC filter reduces ripple from a rectified signal by using inductors and capacitors to suppress ac and deliver smooth dc to the load.

Explore voltage regulators by tracing the flow from rectified input to the regulator output for the load, noting small amplitude and regulation concepts.

Explore the zener diode’s i–v characteristics, including forward conduction above 0.7 V and reverse-bias behavior, and how fixed input and varying load set current limits.

Explore how to determine the input voltage range for a Zener diode to stay in breakdown while meeting power and current limits, using real-world calculations.

Explain how a zener plus a normal diode clamps a sinusoidal input, showing positive half-cycle behavior above about 3.3 V and negative half-cycle states with diode drops.

Explore junction capacitance by contrasting diffusion capacitance and transition capacitance, and explain their behavior at the junction under forward and reverse bias.

Explore diffusion capacitance under forward bias, where injected minority carriers change concentration over time, driving diffusion charge and the associated capacitance.

Discover how transistors transfer and amplify signals, and study bipolar junction transistors, including NPN/PNP structures, base, emitter, and collector regions and their junctions.

Explore transistor regions and their roles in amplification and switching. Learn about cutoff, active, and saturation regions, their use in digital switching, and how unequal emitter-base-collector doping affects operation.

Explore depletion region formation at a pn junction, showing how doping levels and electron and hole movements shape the depletion width. Understand biasing and the active region in transistor junctions.

Explore current components of a transistor, detailing emitter, base, and collector currents and the relations i_e = i_c + i_b and i_c = α i_e, with common-base and common-emitter contexts.

Explore base width modulation in analog electronics, showing how increasing ecb expands the depletion region and narrows the base, altering collector current and transistor performance.

Explore input and output characteristics of transistor configurations using basford modulation. Analyze how input voltage depends on input current and how output current depends on output voltage across configurations.

Examine the common base transistor's input and output characteristics, detailing VB and IE curves under open and short circuit ECB, and how nonzero ECB alters the curves.

Explore transistor biasing in a common emitter amplifier, using the dc load line to set the active-region operating point and study temperature effects and stability factors.

Explore collector-base bias and fixed-base transistor configurations, analyzing input and output in the active region. Assess stability factors, RC effects, and biasing variations discussed in the lecture.

Explore fixed bias and other biasing methods to keep a transistor in the active region, analyze input-output loops, and show how an emitter resistor improves thermal stability.

Explore voltage bias in transistor circuits by solving branch currents and voltages with open-circuit and shorted-source views, applying voltage division, deriving stability factor, and identifying active, saturation, or cutoff regions.

Learn transistor biasing by determining the operating point and testing for active region or saturation, with cutoff checks and circuit analysis fundamentals.

Explains how temperature and device variations impact transistor bias and stability, and presents diode-based bias compensation and sensor-based methods to keep the operating point and currents stable.

Explore fet characteristics in jfet and mosfet, where gate control modulates drain current via depletion region under reverse bias, and study drain and transfer characteristics, gm, and amplification.

Fet biasing for depletion and enhancement mode devices, detailing fixed-bias, self-bias, and mosfet/jfet circuits, gate current zero assumptions, and solving operating points with i_d equations.

Explore fet biasing with depletion and enhancement mosfets. Solve for Id, Vgs, and Vds using quadratic equations and boundary conditions to determine valid operating points.

Explore how a p-type JFET uses gate bias to regulate current, analyzing drain and transfer characteristics, depletion, cutoff, saturation, and breakdown regions.

Examine a P type JFET example by analyzing transfer and drain characteristics to determine Id, Vgs, and Vd in the saturation region and observe polarity effects on currents.

Analyze the linear region of device operation, distinguishing it from nonlinear and saturation behavior, and apply the linear current and resistance relationships to characterize this region.

Explore the metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), comparing depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, and learn how gate voltage induces a channel between source and drain at threshold voltage.

The lecture explains the n-type depletion-mode MOSFET, with a preformed channel that conducts at zero gate bias, and analyzes transfer characteristics showing gate voltages modulate the drain current.

Examine p-type e and p-type d mosfets, focusing on enhancement and depletion modes, and how gate bias shapes source–drain current.

Analyze MOSFET transfer characteristics and how positive and negative values influence depletion and saturation regions. Interpret plots to understand device behavior.

Analyze current equations for MOSFETs in depletion and saturation and linear regions, using threshold and transfer characteristics to determine operation in different regions.

Delve into mosfet representations, constants, and the oxide layer’s dielectric properties, including mobility and capacitance definitions, and learn common schematic forms for depletion and enhancement modes.

Analyze an NMOS e-type circuit by assuming saturation, solve for currents and voltages, check against saturation criteria, and switch to linear region as needed using transfer characteristics.

Analyze a PMOS E-type example to compute on-resistance, evaluate transfer characteristics, and identify saturation in MOS circuits. Learn circuit transformations and parameter extraction to visualize current and threshold relationships.

Explore an alternate way to analyze PMOS characteristics, comparing axis choices and sign conventions, highlighting saturation points and quadrant-based interpretations for different parameter values.

Explore the first quadrant PMOS characteristics through a worked example, analyzing saturation behavior, drain current relationships, and voltage drops to derive transistor operating points.

Analyze how a transistor amplifier's gain changes across frequencies, highlighting low and high frequency cuts, bandwidth, decibel gain, and the impact of bypass and coupling capacitors.

Explore transistor amplifiers using a bjt small-signal model, represent the device with etchberger, and analyze input and output impedances in common base, common emitter, and common collector configurations.

Analyze amplifier behavior using transistor models to derive current gain, input and output impedance, and voltage gain across common emitter and common collector configurations, with source and load effects.

Learn how a simplified transistor model yields nearly the same results as the previous model with minimal calculations by neglecting certain parameters, focusing on base and collector currents.

Dive into the CE amplifier design, analyzing current gain, input and output impedance, and voltage gain using a transistor model, with both DC and AC perspectives.

Explores a common-emitter amplifier with emitter resistance, analyzing dc bias and ac behavior, and shows how adding a bypass capacitor across the emitter resistor enhances voltage gain.

Analyze common-emitter configurations with a bypass capacitor, comparing internal and external gain with and without bypass. Describe frequency-dependent behavior: capacitor acts as a short at high frequencies, blocking low frequencies.

Apply Miller theorem to simplify a feedback branch between the collector and base, converting it into equivalent input and output impedances using the gain between those points.

Learn the common collector (emitter follower) configuration: input at the base, output at the emitter, providing buffering with no external voltage gain, high input impedance, and low loading.

Explains why the common emitter amplifier is preferred for amplification, offering high gain and low output impedance while addressing input impedance and thermal stability through negative feedback.

Negative feedback reduces the amplifier gain, boosting stability and bandwidth while increasing input resistance and reducing noise and distortion.

Analyze amplifier feedback problems by calculating sensitivity with 1/(1+AB) and solving for beta from given gain, illustrating negative feedback effects on gain, bandwidth, and frequency response.

Identify the negative feedback configuration in transistor amplifiers by locating the feedback element between base and collector and determining mixing and sampling types for common-emitter and common-collector circuits.

Investigate the low frequency response of a transistor amplifier, analyze gain behavior in the mid-band region, and apply the ABC approach to derive impedances and frequency-independent gain.

Explore a full example of low frequency response in a transistor amplifier, examining saturation, active region, currents and resistances. Learn step-by-step circuit analysis to determine gain versus frequency.

Apply Miller's theorem to derive a simplified high-frequency transistor model, a two-port representation that incorporates base-collector capacitance and the Miller effect for quick analysis.

Examine small-signal models, compare open and short configurations, and analyze how high- and low-frequency behavior shapes circuit representation and modeling choices.

Calculate the high cut off frequency FH for transistor high-frequency analysis using internal CBC and external capacitances, forming a single equivalent capacitor to compare paths.

Explore how external and internal signals influence a microfit circuit, derive its high-frequency behavior, and compare frequency-dependent gains across cbc, cbd, and cbs configurations.

Analyze the short-circuit current gain of a transistor and derive gm-based approximations, linking high-frequency behavior to ft and the magnitude of current gain.

Explore the common-base transistor amplifier at high frequencies, analyzing base-emitter and base-collector interactions, and simplifying the circuit to understand high-frequency response.

Explore how to address low frequency response in a common-base amplifier by using external capacitors C1 and C2, analyzing parallel and series combinations to maximize bandwidth.

The lecture clarifies how two related models relate and how repeat unit notation helps simplify representation. It explains notation such as by and GM extension to make comparison simpler.

Explore the common collector configuration and its high cut-off frequency, analyzing how base-emitter interactions and capacitors shape the frequency response of bipolar junction transistors.

Learn to simulate an analog amplifier using ABC operating point, transient, and AC analyses to observe time-domain output, input amplification, and the frequency response including gain and bandwidth.

Explore small signal analysis of FETs, introducing their small-signal models, resistance and dependent sources, and demonstrate biasing to keep the device in saturation for undistorted AC amplification.

Explore the common source configuration, examining drain, source, and resistances, and how open or short conditions influence output behavior.

Explore the common-source amplifier with source resistance, derive the drain current and gain, and show how source resistance stabilizes the operating point and ensures saturation.

Analyze a common-source amplifier with Rs, deriving input and output resistances (Rin and Rout) and examining the role of gm in shaping the circuit’s small-signal behavior.

Explore the common gate amplifier with a focus on small-signal analysis, input–output relationships, and deriving key equations for gm, resistances, and circuit cases.

analyze the low-frequency behavior of the common-source amplifier, applying familiar frequency response methods, deriving the small-signal model, and examining how the transfer magnitude changes with frequency.

Explore the low-frequency response of a common drain amplifier, deriving the gain and impedance relationships and showing how resistive and capacitive elements shape midband to low-frequency behavior.

Analyze the high-frequency response of a common-source amplifier by accounting for parasitic capacitors and their influence on gain, using the same analysis approach as the low-frequency case.

Explore the high-frequency behavior of the common-drain configuration, detailing input-output relationships, parallel and series connections, and how output resistance and capacitors shape mid-band response.

Analyze MOSFETs frequency response using the small-signal model, showing that low- and high-frequency behavior are similar across configurations, with depletion-type differences appearing as inverted versions.

Investigate unity gain frequency in mosfet and jfet circuits by deriving the short-circuit gain with gm and Cgd capacitors to determine the frequency at which the gain equals one.

Explore common-source amplifier simulation, performing transient and frequency-response analyses to observe gain, input/output signals, and stability across low and high frequencies.

Explore a Miller example to compute the gain and equivalent resistance in an amplifier circuit, using parallel combinations and simplifications.

Explore op-amp characteristics, comparing ideal and practical behavior, and learn how open-loop gain, bandwidth, offset, and common-mode rejection shape real amplifier performance.

Study summing and subtracting amplifiers in analog electronics, showing how inputs combine, produce inverted or noninverted outputs, and how resistor values set gain and virtual ground behavior.

Analog voltage limiter using zener diodes clamps output within plus and minus breakdown voltages, detailing positive and negative half cycles, forward and reverse bias, and circuit variations.

the lecture explains how an op-amp differentiator outputs the derivative of the input with a negative sign, and discusses factors like frequency response and noise, contrasting differentiation with integration.

Examine two simple v2i and i2v converter circuits, showing how voltage input yields output current and current input yields output voltage across a floating load.

Explore non-linear circuits by building a logarithmic amplifier with a diode or a diode-connected transistor, using an op-amp to produce a logarithmic output.

Explore the instrumentation amplifier circuit to analyze its high gain behavior, derive relationships between v1 and v2 and currents, and determine the gain expression.

Dig into op-amp problems with hands-on gain calculations for non-inverting and inverting configurations, including switches altering circuit gain and step-by-step examples.

Explore practical op-amp problems by analyzing currents and voltages at multiple nodes, calculating node voltages like v0 and vB, and determining the open-loop gain through resistor networks.

Simulate the half wave precision rectifier with a sinusoidal input to illustrate diode drop effects and how opening the diode path yields a clean rectified output with negative feedback.

Explore the full wave precision rectifier in simulation, comparing a half-wave rectifier with diodes and resistor to a precision rectifier circuit, using feedback and inversion to produce full-wave output.

Explore differential pairs and differential amplifiers that amplify the difference between two inputs and reject the common mode signal, showing how they appear in large integrated circuits.

Explains differential signals as two equal-magnitude, opposite-polarity signals and their relation to common-mode components. Shows how differential amplifiers amplify the difference while rejecting common-mode and keeping VCM near zero.

Explain why engineers avoid amplifying a common-mode voltage Vcm in a differential amplifier, and show how differential signals are amplified while common-mode signals and noise are rejected.

Explore the differential pair circuit in MOSFETs, analyzing how input data difference (a minus b) controls drain currents and output, with notes on source and body connections.

Explore dc analysis of a differential transistor pair, determine operating points in the active region by solving loop equations, and compute base and collector currents.

Explore the four differential amplifier configurations by input and output options—dual or single input with balanced or unbalanced output—and note that dc analysis remains the same across configurations.

This recap analyzes a differential amplifier, derives differential and common-mode gains, and expresses the output in terms of VCM and differential signals, separating ACM from differential effects.

Explore differential gain in a transistor amplifier, showing how opposite-phase inputs cancel common signals and yield a differential output using a two-half circuit approach.

Analyze common mode gain in differential amplifiers using half-circuit reasoning. Show that balanced inputs yield zero common-mode output, while unbalanced outputs reveal finite gain, and generalize to other configurations.

Learn how dual input circuits yield balanced and unbalanced outputs, derive differential expressions, and analyze common mode voltage VCM effects on gain and output.

Analyzing single-input behavior reveals how balanced and unbalanced outputs arise from differential and common-mode effects, and how division and loading influence the output.

Explore calculating input resistance for an amplifier circuit in both common-mode and differential-mode scenarios, using VCM and circuit simplifications to derive and compare the two modes.

Explore input resistance in differential mode, focusing on differential input resistance and how input sensing affects circuit behavior, and how output resistance relates to differential signal amplification.

Analyze CMRR by deriving magnitude-based expressions from differential gains, showing how division of related quantities informs interpretation of amplifier performance.

Explore the MOS differential pair, derive its differential expressions for single-input operation and for balanced/unbalanced outputs, and compare MOS with BJT implementations.

Analyze Ri, Ro, and CMRR of a MOS pair in differential configurations, comparing balanced and unbalanced outputs and deriving input and output resistances.

Perform a DC analysis of a MOS transistor circuit to determine biasing and operation in saturation, applying governing equations to compute id, vds, and output behavior for an amplifier.

Explore various configurations of differential amplifiers, including cases with ground references, open circuits, and mixed resistances. Learn to analyze differential and common-mode behavior, predict currents and gains in each setup.

Explore the differential amplifier concept through the 741 op-amp datasheet, examining the function block diagram, input and output behavior, and real-world applications.

The lecture demonstrates how to run a differential amplifier simulation, analyzing dc, ac, and transient responses to illustrate differential gain and balanced versus unbalanced outputs.

Simulate a single-input differential amplifier to compare balanced and unbalanced outputs, analyze differential versus common-mode signals, and observe a gain of about minus 250 in dc analysis.

Explore the current mirror concept, where a reference current in one transistor is replicated to other transistors to form a constant current source in integrated circuits.

Analyze a current mirror circuit, derive relations using a diode-connected transistor, show how equal currents arise in matched transistors, and discuss bias in the active region.

Explore how to analyze a current mirror with a practical example, calculate the currents, and apply the current mirror concept to microcircuit analysis.

Analyze the base-compensated current mirror, examining transistor connections, Vbe voltages, and how adding a transistor influences current matching and latency, including the behavior as the denominator grows.

Explore how emitter degeneration in a current mirror sets and scales current with resistor values, showing how tweaking resistances controls the mirrored current.

Learn the cascode current mirror configuration, derive currents for Q3 and Q4, analyze beta and VB relationships, and show how cascode boosts output resistance for accurate current copying.

examine how two matched transistors form a current mirror, derive the current relations using gm, and simplify the circuit to understand the output current and resistance.

Learn how base compensated Rout is applied to a transistor circuit, simplifying components and writing equations to balance currents and solve for voltages.

Explore a transistor circuit with emitter degeneration, simplify complex networks by removing invalid paths, and derive currents and voltages through parallel combinations and gm-based relations.

Explain biasing transistors with a current source instead of a resistor to minimize voltage drops, reduce wasted heat, and improve efficiency in analog circuits.

Analyze the Wildar current mirror in a Crenshaw's circuit by deriving currents from given IDF and VBE values and exploring how gate biases affect current matching.

Examine a circuit example with two branches and transistor elements, calculate currents and node values, and compare results to show how branch interactions determine outcomes in the analog electronics course.

Explore the Widlar rout in analog electronics, derive and compare the exact and approximate output expressions, and learn to plot current and output behavior.

Examine the Wilson current mirror by deriving current relations from multi-transistor configurations and equations, and compare exact and approximate IDF values for design insight.

Explore the Wilson and cascode current mirror circuit, highlight the complexity of exact expressions for a four-transistor network, and present approachable approximate expressions to grasp the output.

Explore simulating a basic current mirror, building a transistor-based schematic, defining models, and analyzing output resistance and current slope to reproduce a steady current.

Explore base compensated circuit simulation, building a transistor network with current sources, adjusting parameters, and observing how base control affects output current in a schematic model.

perform a simulation of an emitter degenerated circuit to study how component values influence output resistance, current, and slope. vary resistor values to observe current changes and slope behavior.

Explore Wilson current mirror simulation, analyzing high output resistance, accuracy, and slope effects, with a software circuit setup and comparative discussion of Wilson versus basic designs.

Analyze the cascode current mirror via simulation, comparing output behavior, resistance, and slope to achieve higher output accuracy and flatter response across load conditions.