Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Ethanoic acids

Created byVinay Arya

Last updated 5/2022

English

What you'll learn

The students will get a wide picture of Organic Compounds.
The students will learn about the Organic compounds found naturally in environment.
The students will have a deep knowledge about the reaction parameters in Organic Compounds.
The students will know about the importance of Organic Compounds like Methanoic Acid.

Course content

1 section • 11 lectures • 2h 40m total length

12.1. Contents of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid12:47
Explore the contents of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, including carbonyl structure, nomenclature, preparation, and key reactions such as aldol condensation, perkin reaction, and ester formation.
12.2. Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids12:12
Introduce aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, highlighting the carbonyl group, general formulas, and how aldehydes form from alcohols while ketones form from nonterminal hydrogens, with notes on preparation and properties.
12.3. Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones15:45
Learn naming rules for aldehydes and ketones, including deriving aldehyde names from carboxylic acids, using suffixes -al and -one, and indicating substituent positions with alpha, beta, gamma or delta.
12.4. Preparation of Aliphatic Aldehydes and Ketones23:34
Learn methods to prepare aliphatic aldehydes and ketones from alcohols, including selective oxidation with permanganate or PCC, hydrogenation, and ozonolysis.
12.5. Preparation of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones11:45
Learn how to prepare aromatic aldehydes and ketones from benzene via oxidation of the benzyl side chain and Friedel-Crafts acylation, plus carbon monoxide formylation under Lewis acids.
12.6. Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones19:12
Explore the chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones, focusing on nucleophilic addition, carbonyl substitution, oxidation and reduction, and reactions with ammonia derivatives, hydrazine, and hydroxylamine.
12.7. Reaction with thionyl chloride15:29
Delve into the reactivity of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, including thionyl chloride mediated transformations, oxidation to carboxylic acids, haloform reaction, and qualitative tests like silver mirror and Benedict's test.
12.8. Aldol Condensation11:58
Aldol condensation between aldehydes and ketones with alpha hydrogens forms beta-hydroxy carbonyl compounds, which dehydrate under base to give alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyls.
12.9. Carboxylic Acids9:19
Explore carboxylic acids, their carboxyl group and carbonyl-hydroxyl structure, and resonance-driven acidity, while learning IUPAC nomenclature with formic, acetic, propionic, and fatty acids.
12.10, Preparation of Carboxylic Acids11:20
Explore commercial and laboratory methods for preparing carboxylic acids, including oxidation of primary alcohols and benzene, carbonation with co2, and nitrile hydrolysis.
12.11. Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids16:56
Explore the physical properties and chemical behavior of carboxylic acids, including solubility, high boiling points from hydrogen bonding and dimers, and esterification with alcohols.

Requirements

The child should have clear concepts of Organic Compounds and their derivative's.

Description

Aldehydes and ketones are the compounds containing a carbonyl group,

>C=O, in which a carbon atom is linked to an oxygen atom by a double

bond. They have the same general formula CnH2nO.

The general structure of aldehydes is R-CHO and that of ketones is

R-COR′ where R and R′ may be same or different. Formaldehyde

represents the simplest aldehyde in which the carbonyl group is attached

to two hydrogen atom, i.e., R-CHO . Formaldehyde is exceptional in that

the carbonyl group carries two hydrogen atoms and no alkyl substituents.

It is, therefore, not surprising that it displays characteristic properties.

Both aldehydes & ketones contain carbonyl group as their functional group.

Structure of carbonyl group

Both aldehydes & ketones have carbonyl group as the functional group.

The carbonyl carbon is sp2 hybridized & it uses sp2 hybrid orbitals to form

3s bonds, one with oxygen atom & remaining 2 with two other atoms or

groups (R or H). All these 3s bonds lie in same plane at the angle of 120°.

The unhybridized p – orbital of carbonyl carbon form p- bond with oxygen

atom by sidewise overlapping with phalf filled p – orbital of oxygen atom.

Since carbon & oxygen have different values of electronegativity , the

bond between carbon &oxygen is polar. Infact electron density around the

oxygen atom is increased which causes the development of partial

positive charge (d+) on carbon & partial negative charge (d-) on oxygen.

Thus the carbonyl carbon is an electrophilic & carbonyl oxygen is

nucleophilic centre.

Who this course is for:

For the Beginners and students of twelfth standard.