Advanced OOP with Python. Beyond the basics.

Explore how Python uses classes and objects to model data such as name and salary, instantiate employees, and access attributes with the dot syntax, while UML class diagrams describe structure.

Learn how methods bind to a class instance and interact with object state through self. Implement get full name, raise salary, and add bonus; update UML diagrams.

Explore how Python builds object representations with __str__ and __repr__, learn when and how to implement them for debugging, and distinguish informal vs. unambiguous representations.

Explore how Python allocates memory and initializes objects via dunder new and dunder init, and how they form the class constructor, store arguments in data attributes, and govern instantiation order.

Explore python inheritance, including single inheritance, subclassing, and overriding getinfo to achieve polymorphism while avoiding duplicate code; learn when to abstract a base class to prevent instantiation.

Learn how abstract base classes in Python prevent instantiation and enforce method implementation using the abc module, illustrated with shape, render, and getinfo.

Extend base class initialization with super in a shape hierarchy and in employee and manager examples, demonstrating overriding and reusing behavior under single inheritance.

Explore how OOP fits into a dynamically typed language like Python, where types are inferred and checked at runtime, with static type checkers offering compile-time checks.

See how type hints and static type checking catch errors like multiplying strings, using Mypy and Pyrite to annotate functions and variables in Python.

Explore why Python does not support method overloading, compare with statically typed languages, and learn alternatives such as optional parameters, keyword arguments, and alternative constructors; preview polymorphism.

Explore how polymorphism in Python eliminates type switches by using a common render method across shapes, upholding the open-closed principle while combining inheritance and polymorphism for robust code.

Explore how Python achieves polymorphism through duck typing and special methods like __str__ and __len__, and learn to enforce interfaces with type hints and protocol classes.

Explore how typed abstract base classes are enforced with mypy, turning abstract methods like render into guaranteed interfaces for subclasses, catching type mismatches and embracing dynamic return types.

Discover how protocols enable structural subtyping and static duck typing without inheritance, split interfaces into logical protocols, and verify correctness with static type checkers.

Examine encapsulation in Python by using a single underscore and name mangling to signal privacy, while noting Python cannot truly make attributes private.

Explore how Python uses properties to simplify encapsulation by turning accessor methods into attributes, with examples of salary and thermostat, including read-only properties and decorators.

In Python, a class is an object that can instantiate instances, define class variables to share data, and support class and static methods, demonstrated with dunder string and type objects.

Explore how class methods provide alternative constructors using cls to instantiate without an object. Learn static methods host circle utilities, like radians to degrees, without class data, enabling namespaced grouping.

Explore how Python binds methods to objects without using classes, by building objects as dictionaries, simulating a class with helper functions, and using partial binding to supply self.

Apply the open-closed principle by replacing type switches with polymorphic employee methods, enabling new employee types without modifying reporting code in Python.

Explore how Python uses classes and objects to master inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation, finishing with practical guidance on next learning steps.

Explore how special methods weave Python's object model into your classes, enabling language features like iteration and subscription context managers, and expanding your advanced object-oriented programming toolkit.