6G, 5G, 4G, 3G, 2G Telecom Technologies - Foundation

Trace the evolution of telecom core networks from 2G to 5G, covering GSM, GPRS, UMTS, 4G LTE, and the shift to split and flat architectures, with IMS voice.

Understand the 3G UMTS network with split control and user planes. Trace voice and data flows from node B and RNC through MGW, HLR/VLR, SGSN, GGSN to PSTN or internet.

Trace the evolution from 3G towards 4G, noting IMS, HSPA, SAE, MME, and gateway concepts that define LTE architecture and future AMF in 5G.

Explore the core network of 4G and 5G, including standalone versus non-standalone deployments, secure connectivity, mobility and session management, QoS, and the desegregated CUPS architecture enabling network slicing.

Explore the 5G core architecture, including disaggregated control and user planes, CUPS architecture and key nodes like AMF, AUSF, UDM, PCF, SMF, and UPF, plus PDU sessions and QoS.

Explore 5g service-based architecture: modular core, common interface, software defined networking and virtualization; network functions communicate via Rest APIs for service registration, discovery, and policy-driven requests.

Explore ITU's IMT 2020 5G key capabilities, including 20 Gbps cell-level peak rate, 100 Mbps downlink, 1 ms latency, and three times more efficiency in spectrum.

Modulation uses amplitude, phase, or frequency changes to create carrier signals, enabling smaller antennas, less interference, and higher throughput through schemes like qpsk and 16 qam in ofdm.

Explore spatial multiplexing in MIMO, detailing static beamforming for a single user and dynamic beamforming for multiple users, highlighting when to use multi-user MIMO for higher data rates.

Explore how the disaggregated radio access network splits layer tasks between the du and cu, while higher layers cover modulation, coding, scheduling, and rrc with pdcp security and sgap qos.

Explore open ran standards, the telecom infra project, operator alliances, small cell forum open front-haul interface, open ran policy coalition, plus software-focused innovation by open alliance and Linux Foundation.

Access the resources folder in the last lecture to download the pdfs and slides for this section. Keep these documents handy for refreshers, interviews, or a project.

Explore wireless microwave and fiber backhaul in transport networks, focusing on chain and star topologies; learn how hub sites aggregate last-mile traffic and connect to the exchange via fiber switches.

Trace the evolution from traditional backhaul to open ran with du and cu, mid-haul and fronthaul links, rising capacity and the evolved sipri protocol for ultra-low latency.

Openran desegregation drives a new eCPRI protocol to replace legacy CPRI, enabling higher fronthaul throughput from front hall to baseband unit, up to 100 gbps.

Analyze how 5G transport evolves to deliver ITU’s ultra-reliable low-latency, enhanced mobile broadband, and m2m services by disaggregating du/ru, deploying edge or regional clouds, and ensuring ultra-fast fronthaul.

Understand how the mobility management entity in the 4g core handles signaling, security, session establishment, handovers, and cross technology coexistence with 2g/3g for seamless connectivity.

Explore the 5G policy control function (PCF) and how it manages mobility policy control, service restrictions, radio frequency selection priority, slice selection, Non-3GPP network discovery, and session management.

Explore how unified data management generates authentication credentials, protects permanent identity privacy, and coordinates with UDR, RMF, and SMF to securely support UE access and PDU session management.

Explains registration procedures for scenarios: first-time power-on, movement between location area codes, periodic registration, and emergency registration, and the flow from user to base station to core network enabling paging.

The lecture explains end-to-end 5g call flow from registration to core, detailing nas signaling, rmf authentication with ausf and udm, and pdu session setup by smf with upf handling data.

Explore how 4g network identity components identify cells, including EU trans cell global identity, enodeb IDs, MCC/MNC, node ID, and PCI, and explain PCI reuse by geography.

Explore virtualization of hardware resources to create virtual compute, storage, and networking for 5G core functions like UPF, enabling quick provisioning and decoupling of infrastructure from network functions.

Explore how virtualization converts hardware into virtual compute, network, and storage, with the orchestrator coordinating Wim and Vnf to auto provision resources.

Explore public, private, and hybrid cloud models for telecom operators, balancing resource sharing, virtualization, and regulatory compliance with machine learning and big data.

Access and download the section resources from the resources folder in the last lecture, then review the documents for future refresher, interviews, or projects.