5G: Technologies, Architecture And Protocols

Discover the 5G architecture, comprising user equipment, NG-RAN with the gNB towers, and the 5G core network that routes signaling and data over an all-IP network.

Explore massive MIMO, beam forming, and beam steering in 5G, comparing single-user and multi-user MIMO and showing how frequency below 6 GHz versus millimeter wave affects data rates and coverage.

Increasing frequency from 3 GHz to 30 GHz shrinks patch antenna size from 100 mm to 10 mm, reducing energy capture and gain, so large antenna arrays enable beamforming.

5g separates the control plane from the user plane, with authentication, management, QoS, and handover in the control plane, while gNB and UPF handle data traffic in the user plane.

Unified data management centralizes all subscriber data and security keys, tracks user equipment across GNB and EMF, and enforces roaming restrictions and service access with QoS via UDR.

Explore how the policy charging function dynamically enforces network policy based on congestion and subscriber location, throttles or refuses calls, and manages service areas with AMF, SMF, and AF.

Understand how the network exposure function (NEF) exposes 5G core network functions to external applications, authenticates and authorizes them, and controls the transfer rate as a secure middleman.

Power-on triggers acquisition procedure as the UE scans cells, reads broadcast information, and selects a primary cell. It then connects, performs AKA, and registers with the network using a 5G-S-TMSI.